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Economic and social changes in My Duc district, Ha Tay from 1991 to 2008 - 15


Based on the criteria of a farm, as of July 2007, through investigation and review, the whole district had 81 farms. The number of farms in 2007 compared to 2001 increased by 62 farms, including:

- Combined aquaculture and livestock farms: there are 43 farms. The land area of ​​these farms is 1,625 hectares. The number of farm workers is 382 people, including 90 farm owners. The total investment capital of these farms is 10,750 million VND, of which 4,290 million VND is borrowed capital. The average income of a farm is 90 million VND/farm/year, the average value of goods for a farm is 123.3 million VND.

- Concentrated livestock farms: there are 14 farms with a total land area of ​​138.19 hectares. The number of farm workers is 96 people, of which 40 are farm owners. The total investment capital of farm owners of this model is 18,200 million VND, of which 8,370 million VND is borrowed capital. The average income of a farm is 1,200 million VND/farm/year, the average value of goods for a farm is 591.8 million VND.

- Fruit tree farms: 3 farms with a total area of ​​7.5 hectares. The number of workers is 23 people, of which 9 are farm owners. The total investment capital of the farm owner is 470 million VND, of which the loan capital is 40 million VND. The average income of each farm is 50 million VND/farm/year, the value of goods reaches 64.3 million VND.

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- Annual crop farms: 9 farms with a total area of ​​67 hectares. The total number of farms of this type of farm is 149 people, of which the farm owner's labor is 39 people. The total investment capital is 1,250 million VND, of which 610 million VND is borrowed capital. The average income of a farm is 80 million VND/farm/year, the average value of goods is 60.6 million VND.

- General business farm: 3 farms with 16 workers and total investment capital of 1,650 million VND (loan capital is 720 million VND). Average income of a farm is 85 million VND/farm/year.

Economic and social changes in My Duc district, Ha Tay from 1991 to 2008 - 15

Through a survey of farm types in the district, it shows that: livestock farm models and combined aquaculture - livestock farms have high income.


higher import and commodity value than other farm models. Some typical models in these two types of farms can be mentioned as follows:

+ The rice - pig - fish - goat farm model, 15 hectares in scale of farm owner Nguyen Xuan Chinh (Hop Thanh commune) grows one rice crop, one fish crop, raises pigs and goats. This is a large-scale farm raising about 500 pigs/year with a total output of 45 tons of live pigs/year. In addition, 40 tons of rice, 30 tons of fish, 40 goats are harvested annually. Annual production costs are 1.308 million VND/ha. Net income from farming and raising livestock is about 390 million VND/year. The main income is from fish (50%) and pigs (41%). If deducting the cost of paying bank interest, land rent, and depreciation of fixed assets, the farm's actual profit is about 236 million VND/year. Regarding the environment, the farm owner has built a biogas tank to treat fertilizer before raising fish, which is both economically efficient and does not pollute the environment.

+ Banana - fish - duck farm model, scale 3 ha of farm owner Nguyen Van Truong (Doc Tin commune). Annual net income 265 million VND, of which income from bananas accounts for 73.6%. If deducting bank interest expenses and fixed asset depreciation, the farm's actual profit is 178.5 million VND/year.

+ Lotus - fish - duck farm model, scale 1,008ha of farm owner Bui Minh Thu (Hung Tien commune). The annual output of the farm is: 1.4 tons of lotus, 93,400 eggs (320 laying ducks), 2 tons of fish. Average annual net income is 54.8 million VND, giving a profit of 46.5 million VND/year.

+ The rice - fish - pig - cow model of farm owner Phung Van The (Tuy Lai commune) with an average annual output of: 7 tons of sticky rice, 12 tons of fish, 2.8 tons of pork, 80 breeding pigs, 2 calves. The farm's net income is about 115 to 130 million VND/year, of which 58.7% is from fish, 17.8% from pigs, and 7.3% from rice. If deducting the cost of paying bank interest, land rental costs, and depreciation of fixed assets, the farm's actual profit is about 60 - 70 million VND/year.

+ Model of egg-laying chicken farm of Mr. Nguyen Van Tho's family (Dong Tam commune) with an area of ​​1.0 ha. Investment capital for factory construction is 300


million VND, investment capital for seeds and food in one year is 2.4 billion VND, annual harvest is 3,000,000 eggs. If deducting bank capital costs, land rent, depreciation of fixed assets, profit is from 500 to 700 million VND/year.

In general, the results of farm development show that the number of agricultural farms in the district is still small in number and small in scale.

Regarding area: the area of ​​farms is still small. Of the average 7.3ha of farm area, 2.4ha is land contracted for land fund I, the remaining 4.9ha is land fund II, so farms are not confident in investing heavily. On average, a farm growing annual crops and perennial crops only ensures over 2.5ha/farm.

Investment capital in production of farms is also modest, on average a new farm invests 284.3 million VND, of which borrowed capital is 98.2 million VND. Through synthesis of farms, it shows that capital in fruit farms and perennial tree farms has the least investment capital (from 130 - 150 million VND). Combined aquaculture - livestock farms and concentrated livestock farms have more investment capital. This is also a characteristic of each farm model. Farm owners have not secured capital for production, borrowed capital accounts for 35% of total investment capital, of which bank loans are 26%.

Based on the criteria of area and low investment capital, the income of the farms is only average, reaching 54 million VND on average, the average value of goods of a farm is only 219 million VND. The total income value is 52 million VND/1ha of cultivated land. The average income per year of a farm owner is only 12.5 million, which is still low compared to the economic development target of the district.

Regarding the professional qualifications of farm owners: out of 72 new farm owners, 12 have intermediate qualifications and 7 have college and university degrees. Thus, farm owners in the district still rely heavily on their own production experience, so the ability to absorb new science and progress in the fields of agriculture and aquaculture is still limited.


Regarding the environmental work of farms: Households producing according to the combined aquaculture - livestock model have 8 concentrated Biogas tanks in Dai Nghia town. Some concentrated livestock farms have also been relocated far from residential areas to ensure environmental hygiene. However, the livestock farming of many farms still does not have a reasonable waste treatment process. Many farms use livestock and poultry waste to discharge into fish ponds and directly fertilize crops in the conversion area, polluting water and air sources, affecting the living environment of residential areas. This issue requires authorities at all levels to pay special attention in the process of directing the development of farm economics in the coming years.

Farm development is an inevitable trend, in line with the law of agricultural development in the direction of increasing the volume of agricultural products, increasing income per unit area, and increasing the ability to attract labor to create jobs. In My Duc, although farms often develop spontaneously due to weak regular management by the government, there is no close connection and adequate support in terms of development orientation, capital, production techniques, risk prevention, etc. between the State, scientists and farm owners, so the income value per unit area of ​​the farm is still low. However, the development of the farm economy has affirmed its superiority over the household economy in exploiting the potential of land, labor, mobilizing capital, etc., creating many agricultural, forestry and fishery products, meeting part of the consumption needs in the district and surrounding districts and provinces; attracting a significant surplus labor force in rural areas, increasing income and improving the lives of workers. Developing farm economy has actively contributed to the process of shifting the structure of crops, livestock and rural economy, creating money for agricultural product processing industry, bringing service industries to rural areas, and initially changing the face of rural areas.

* Forestry:

Developing forestry is considered the main direction of My Duc in the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country. The district has


policies to encourage increased participation of people in afforestation, liberalization of forest product trade. However, forestry is not My Duc's economic strength. From 1996 to 2000, the district directed localities with forest land to do a good job of managing, protecting, tending and preventing forest fires with a total stable forest area of ​​2,080 hectares, accounting for 10.2% of the forestry land area, but the reserves are not yet available because they are newly planted. The forests are mainly natural forests, few special-use forests, and due to the requirements of environmental protection and serving the landscape, the exploited products are too few, so the forestry economy only accounts for 0.49% of the total social product of the district.

In 2003, My Duc district handed over the entire forest area to the people for management. The district planted 44 hectares of concentrated forest, 180 thousand scattered trees, and cared for 1,385.5 hectares. The forestry production value reached 15,577 million VND [121].

The forestry land area in My Duc district in 2007 was 3,568.76 ha, accounting for 15.31% of the natural land area, mainly distributed in the communes: Hop Tien (24.26 ha); Huong Son (2,372.97 ha); An Phu (956.44 ha) and Tuy Lai (215.09 ha). Of which, the special-use forest area was 3,073.57 ha, concentrated entirely in the two communes of Huong Son (2,372.97 ha) and An Phu (700.06 ha), playing a role in serving the scenic area and protecting the environment. The remaining forest area was production forest (452.59 ha), distributed in some communes such as Hop Tien, Tuy Lai... but the timber reserve was not high.

Because natural forests are mostly special-use forests, serving scenic spots and environmental protection, and are not exploited, the production value only reached 4,520 million VND, accounting for 0.97% of the total production value of the agricultural and forestry sector.

* Fisheries:

Regarding aquaculture, My Duc's water surface area is quite large at 1,039 hectares, accounting for 10.35% of natural land, of which 530.6 hectares are used for fish farming. The remaining river and stream water surface, if well utilized, will bring high efficiency in aquaculture. The level of intensive fish farming of the people is getting better and better, so the annual output of fish meat increases: in 1996 it was 1,045 tons, by 2015.


2000 to 1,600 tons, an average annual increase of 11.3%. The movement of raising specialty aquatic products such as: turtles, frogs, catfish... has been initiated but has not yet developed strongly due to product consumption. Therefore, the production value of the aquatic industry has only reached 8,050 million (accounting for 1.76% of the total social product), not meeting local demand, and at the same time not commensurate with the available potential of the locality.

The aquaculture area in My Duc district in 2005 was 677.65 hectares, an increase of 149.62 hectares compared to 2000, accounting for 2.93% of the total natural land area. Regarding output: in 2004, it reached 2,434 tons of various aquatic products. The output structure also fluctuated in an upward direction, in 2000 it only accounted for 3.89% of the agricultural production value, but by 2004 this figure reached 7.31%. Within the industry, fish is the main type of animal raised. Giant freshwater prawns have just been introduced to Dai Nghia town, but the area is not large.

Since 2003, as a result of the process of converting the structure of crops and livestock in the district, there are currently about 520 hectares of flooded rice land (land with low productivity of 1 rice crop) converted to production according to the method of 1 rice crop - 1 fish crop, bringing economic efficiency 2 - 3 times higher than that of pure rice cultivation. Therefore, this area has increased rapidly in the following years: in 2004 it was 505 hectares, in 2005 it was 518.64 hectares, and by 2008 it had increased to

2,246 ha (of which 200 ha are intensive farming, 1,430 ha are semi-intensive farming in low-lying fields and 616 ha are extensive farming in Quan On lake).

Due to the increasingly expanding aquaculture area and the increasingly improved level of intensive farming, the aquaculture output has also increased strongly. If in 2004, the aquaculture industry only achieved an output of 2,434 tons, by 2008 the output had increased to 3,087 tons, of which 83.8% was from fish farming. The number of aquaculture households in 2008 was 825 households, achieving an average yield of 1.73 tons/ha/year (intensive farming areas reached 4.2 tons, extensive farming areas in Quan Son lake reached 0.25 tons). The value of aquaculture products is estimated at 48 billion VND, accounting for 13% of the agricultural sector structure.

– forestry and fishery in 2007.


Livestock farming has been given attention and investment, bringing economic income to households. Many households have developed livestock farming into their main industry and become advanced examples in developing excellent production competition. In 2000, the district had 115 typical farming households achieving the title of excellent production for many consecutive years, the most typical being Ms. Nguyen Thi Ut's household (An My commune), Mr. Nguyen Van Hoat's household (Hong Son commune), Mr. Nguyen Duy Cuong's household (Huong Son commune)...

- Scientific, technical and technological activities in agriculture:

Identifying the shift in agricultural economic structure as the focus. Since 1996, My Duc has promoted scientific and technological activities to serve agricultural production, such as organizing 277 training courses on agricultural production knowledge for 27,600 people, organizing 2 training courses on IPM on rice for grassroots, building and developing the magazine "My Duc Agriculture and Rural Areas" to convey the policies of the Party and State, economic information, science - technology, good people, good deeds to encourage people in the district to develop agriculture and rural areas. In addition, the district has applied science and technology, introduced new varieties and advanced farming techniques into production, improved productivity and quality of crops and livestock (rice, corn, soybeans, mulberry, cattle, poultry, etc.) Successfully implemented programs and goals such as livestock breeding program, canal consolidation, food program, hunger eradication and poverty reduction and program to improve the quality of agricultural cooperatives' operations. The face of the countryside is constantly being renewed, and environmental protection is being paid attention to.

In short, besides the achieved results, My Duc's agricultural production has not developed commensurate with the local potential and strengths:

+ Agriculture is still monoculture rice, so when flooded, it directly affects the growth rate of agriculture and farmers' income. The potential to expand the winter crop has not been fully exploited. No region has developed a variety of crops and livestock to serve consumer needs, serve tourists and supply markets in cities and towns.


Not yet developed production of products with economic value to increase income per unit area.

+ Regarding the structure of the agricultural and rural economy, the shift is still slow. In agriculture, the structure between crop cultivation and livestock breeding has not changed dramatically, the proportion of crop cultivation value in the value of agricultural production is still very high, the proportion of livestock breeding and services is very low. The scale of production is small, agricultural products are mainly in the form of preliminary processing, mainly selling raw materials.

+ The application of advanced science and technology in agricultural production is not strong. In some places, the introduction of high-yield plants and animals into production is still cautious, leading to the productivity of rice and some crops being lower than the set plan. The management and operation of agricultural production services are still limited, and there are many difficulties in the material facilities... However, with the achievements in agricultural production, the lessons learned in the leadership and direction of the District Party Committee have created a foundation for My Duc to promote the strengths of the district, continue to promote agricultural economic activities according to the industrialization and modernization policy set by the Party.

b) Handicraft - industry

The basic construction industry group of My Duc in the period of 2005 - 2007 had an average annual growth rate of 22.2%/year, higher than the general growth rate (16.42%/year). Of which, industry - handicraft industry reached a rate of 6.8%/year, the construction industry group reached 30.32%/year. The reason is due to the investment in building a number of infrastructure works and services for economic development in the district. The proportion of the basic construction industry group also increased from 18.83% in 2005 to 20.2% in 2007, and in the first 6 months of 2008 it was 18.2% (the Congress target is 25%). Production value in 2005 reached 195.4 billion VND, increased to 307 billion VND in 2007, estimated to reach 358.7 billion VND in 2008. [121, p. 10].

The number of industrial establishments in the US and Germany increased: In 2003, there were 3,773 establishments; in 2007, there were 4,809 industrial production establishments, of which 100% were

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