people in labor and the qualities of a leader " which indicates that the PCs of business leaders must be superior to ordinary people in management and leadership; JF Meyer (2011) in the article " Qualities of a successful businessman " said that successful businessmen often have typical qualities such as: having a sharp, sharp mind; having an adventurous mind, daring to accept risks; confident in their own abilities; ethics (trust, honesty, trust); not accepting fate, not satisfied with the present, accepting challenges with the future; liking competition (quoted from L.Mikhai) [47, p.48].
In the field of leadership/management, AG Kovaliov (1976) believes that when assessing a leader's personality, special attention should be paid to PCs such as: ethical - political PC; work PC, effectiveness of activities, training level [11, p.51]. Author RM Stogdill (1976) has conducted in-depth research on the PCs of leaders and determined that leaders need 5 physical characteristics (height, appearance, health, ...), 4 intellectual characteristics, 16 personality characteristics, 9 social characteristics and 6 character traits, ... He believes that each individual characteristic may not be meaningful, but a group of characteristics is very closely related to success [96, p.62]. Thus, the author considers the PC of a leader to include both physical aspects, physical appearance and personality - psychology, ... Author
VM Sêpen (1980) in his work " Psychology in production management " pointed out the PCs of managers/leaders including: political PC, ethics; organizational PC, professional PC; psychological - physiological PC [69, p.43].
VN Lebedev (1982) in his business psychology textbook mentioned the qualities of a manager in business, which are: Independence, autonomy; dynamism, sensitivity; working with purpose and plan; having the will to overcome difficulties; courage, daring to take risks, accepting risks; honesty; goodwill, respect for people; diligence, hard work and perseverance; thrift; knowing how to help each other; willing to cooperate; having a sense of responsibility; always upholding management principles; flexibility, resourcefulness, creativity; having confidence in business [20, p.47]. Maybe you are interested!
Research Model of Factors Impacting Work Motivation of Tour Guide Team in Binh Dinh Province
The Effectiveness of Psychological Qualities on Experience in Tour Guides
Basic psychological qualities of tour guides - 1
Factors affecting the decision to choose domestic tour programs of tourists researched at Lua Viet Tourism Company Limited - 15
Research on factors affecting tourists' purchasing decisions for the 3N2D Da Nang - Hoi An tour of Dai Bang Advertising Media and Tourism Services Joint Stock Company - 11
Gaston Courtois (1990) pointed out that a leader/manager needs to have 17 PCs such as: dynamic intelligence, observation ability, enthusiasm, decisiveness, honesty, compassion for everyone, patience, etc. S. Ghoshal, CA Bartlett (1994), in the book " 8 qualities of modern managers" said that modern managers need to have PCs such as: having a long-term vision; daring to take responsibility, being responsible, etc.
facing challenges, accepting change; subtlety, dexterity, flexibility in communication; adapting quickly to changes; optimism, having a positive outlook on work; creative thinking [2, p.34].
In the field of medicine, MA Simpson (1972) believes that medical students need to have some PCs such as: intelligence, passion for scientific research, good health, caring for people, objectivity, sympathy for people, pleasant appearance, good adaptability, calmness, understanding the hidden meaning of others [56, p.27]. Here, the author also believes that PCs include physical characteristics, appearance, psychology, etc. Authors N.D. Lacoxina and GC Usacov (1984) require that those who want to practice medicine need to have PCs such as: observation, modesty, honesty, impartiality, selflessness, altruism, high morality, and prestige. NM Xcachcov points out that a military doctor upon graduation needs to have PCs such as: broad and extensive knowledge; solid knowledge of psychology - physiology and prevention of mental illness; must grasp the methods and ways of working with people; love the medical profession and be loyal to the profession [31, p.29]. JD Cue (1985) believes that a clinical doctor must have the 3 most important PCs: Maturity, carefulness; Social understanding, professional competence and Autonomy. According to K. Benyamini and colleagues (1987), a clinical doctor must have the following PCs: willingness to help and cooperate with colleagues, good relationships with patients, diligence, initiative and independence, discipline, love for the profession, modesty, trust, responsibility, flexibility, meticulousness and depth (quoted from Nguyen Sinh Phuc) [57, p.37]. JT Sulval (1994) has described a doctor's personality model with 15 basic PCs: love for patients; have a sense of responsibility; wholeheartedly serve patients; honesty; tactfulness and subtlety when communicating with patients. MX Lebedinxki and VN Myaxishev (1996) when studying the psychology of Socialist doctors have put forward the standards of the doctor's personality, which are: sense of responsibility and duty towards patients; openness in communication; knowing how to control oneself appropriately between gentleness and firmness; combining observation and decisiveness. The authors also put forward some necessary personality traits of doctors such as: organization; order, neatness, organization, general culture and professional culture.
In the field of education and teaching, the research of author DF Xamuilenco (1961) emphasized that teachers should promote PC such as: impartiality, high demands, seriousness, and equal attitude towards all students (cited by Le Anh Chien, [8, p.28]).
NV Cuzmina (1967), VA Xlatvenin, considered the psychological indicators of professional formation as the expression of the personality model of the teacher such as: characteristics and manifestations of ideological tendencies, professional tendencies and professional awareness; the necessary requirements to form those tendencies in the training process; the volume and composition of professional training; the content and methods of professional training [32, p.40]. EA Climov pointed out that the basic personality PC of teachers includes: ideological PC, ethics PC; will PC; capacity PC (language use ability, ability to understand students' psychology, judgment ability, organizational ability, quick thinking ability) [10, p.51]. Author NV Cudomina added that the PC that a teacher needs to have is a dialectical materialist worldview, communist ideals, professional ethics, and feelings towards professional activities.
Ph.N. Gonobolin (1976, 1979) in the book " Psychological qualities of teachers" mentioned the psychological qualities suitable for teaching work such as: Ethics, aspirations, interests, abilities, cognitive processes, intellectual activities, emotions in work and will [22, p.15]. Notably, when mentioning the teachers' personality qualities, the above authors mainly focused on psychological and personality qualities.
In the field of justice , some authors such as AG Kovaliov (1968), AV Dulov (1975), MI Enhikiev (1996), IV Chupharovsky (1997) have studied the PCTL in judicial activities, the fight against crime and the education and rehabilitation of prisoners. Author AG Kovaliov (1968) stated that the PCTL that a prison administrator needs to have are: political ideology, humanism towards people, humane attitude towards prisoners; strong will; tactfulness, skillful treatment, pedagogical ability [11, p.53]. AV Dulov (1975) has studied and stated the standards of PCTL of investigators , which are: firm ideology, good ethics; good thinking ability; steadfastness; decisiveness; restraint. IV Chupharovsky (1997) proposed the PC of a judge , which are: high sense of responsibility; fairness, impartiality; sensitivity; ability to understand people; self-control; composure [103, p.49].
In the field of design activities, some authors of Leningrad University have proposed a test plan for 109 requirements for the personality of an engineer, including: PC expressing attitude towards work: love of work, attitude of interest in work, creativity, eagerness to learn, searching for new things; PC characterizing behavioral style:
independence, compliance, dynamism; intellectual PC: flexibility, criticality, depth, breadth, generalization; PC characterizes attitude toward people: honesty, frankness, generosity; PC characterizes self: modesty, confidence, self-improvement, sociability (quoted from Le Thi Phuong Anh [2, p.31]).
In the military field, the issue of military personnel's PCTL is also focused on.
MV Phrunde emphasized the necessary PCs of a naval officer : Sense of responsibility; compliance with the law; enthusiasm, dedication, objectivity; active rescue of people, enthusiasm, agility, flexibility; politeness, gentleness, correctness in communication, ethics, will, and style (quoted from Le Anh Chien, [8, p.34]). VI Evdokimov believed that the profession of piloting an aircraft requires suitable PCs such as discipline, quick grasp of new techniques, fluency in Russian, good pressure resistance, smooth combat coordination, spatial perception, sense of smell, sharp observation and quick handling of situations. VA Egorov (1983) in the book " General outline of military technical psychology " believed that a gunner needs to have some PCTLs such as attention, memory, information processing characteristics, reliability, etc. [104, p.72].
In short, from the process of social division of labor, scientists have realized that there are individual differences in professional and occupational fields. From there, there is a need to study individual characteristics that meet the requirements of different professional and occupational fields. Studies by a number of foreign authors show that each professional and occupational field has its own characteristics. Based on the characteristics of the activities, from the requirements of the job and profession, each practitioner is required to have PCTL to meet the requirements of the profession. At the same time, it is in the activities that the conditions for forming and developing the PCTL that the activities require. However, most authors only point out the PCTL necessary for each professional field, and rarely go into the theoretical basis for proposing and determining those PCTL. The research results of foreign authors on PCTL in professional activities have provided important bases to help us orient ourselves in the process of researching this thesis topic.
1.1.2. Domestic studies on psychological qualities that meet the requirements of professional and occupational activities.
In our country, Psychology is interested in the field of professional activities quite late and there are few research works.
Author Tran Trong Thuy (1997) has mentioned a lot about building career maps for professions (Professiorgramme), focusing on describing the psychological characteristics of the profession; in which a very important part is the psychological characteristics that meet the requirements of the profession [76, p.41].
Author Mac Van Trang and colleagues (1993) have researched to determine " Some suitable personal psychological characteristics and methods to determine them" and have deeply researched some professions such as: medicine, preschool teacher, primary school teacher, sales, driver, mother-of-pearl inlay [78, pp.1-112].
In the field of PCTL research to meet the requirements of professional fields, many authors have been interested in researching, specifically:
In the field of pedagogy, there have been a number of authors who have researched the personality traits of teachers, principals, and managers. Typical authors include: Le Van Hong, Kham Keo Vong Phi La, Nguyen Thac, Nguyen Thanh Nghi. Specifically, author Le Van Hong mentioned the personality traits of teachers including: Scientific worldview; Ideal of training the young generation; Love for children; Love for the profession; Some moral and will traits of teachers: spirit, duty to everyone, humanitarian spirit, respect, fair and upright attitude, straightforward, simple, modest attitude [30, p.34]. Author Kham Keo Vong Phi La believes that a principal needs to have three groups of qualities: group of moral personality traits; group of ideological - political traits; group of work traits. In which the group of moral personality traits holds the most important position [35, p.37]. Authors Nguyen Thac and Nguyen Thanh Nghi believe that the personality of a teaching staff includes ideological, political, ethical PCs, other abilities and psychological PCs [73, p.23]. Author Ngo Cong Hoan believes that a manager needs to have specific qualities, which are: ethical PC; intellectual PC; The abilities of a manager's personality such as: desire to do management work, organizational capacity, professional capacity, ability to cooperate with everyone) (quoted from Dinh Duc Hoi, [35, p.32]).
In the medical field, many authors have studied the PCTL of physicians and doctors. Typical authors include: Pham Tat Dong, Nguyen Sinh Phuc, Tran Ninh Giang, Nguyen Van Nhan,... Author Pham Tat Dong (1989) believes that people working in the medical profession need to have the following PCs: Sense of responsibility; Dedication; Sympathy; Care; Charity [13, p.56].
Author Nguyen Van Nhan and colleagues (1982) conducted a survey on the captains of students at the Military Medical Academy and pointed out a number of psychological qualities for military doctors, which are: Sense of solidarity; Discipline; Career orientation; Competency qualities (management, expertise, organization) [53, p.41].
Author Tran Ninh Giang (1993) in the research work "Some psychological characteristics suitable for the profession and methods to determine them" pointed out that the psychological characteristics of doctors include: Having a tendency towards the medical profession (love, interest); High sense of responsibility; Patience, self-control; Stable attention; Good memory; Flexible logical thinking; Having communication skills (quoted from Kham Keo Vong Phi La, [35, p.23]).
Author Nguyen Sinh Phuc (1999) proposed a military doctor's PCNC model consisting of the following 15 PCs: Organizational and command capacity; Professional capacity; Compassion; Ideological stance; Willingness to accept tasks; Communication ability; Sense of responsibility; Enthusiasm for work; Discipline; Prestige; Honesty; Passion for scientific research; Modesty; Collective spirit; Creativity [57, p.31].
Regarding business activities, there are typical representatives such as: Nguyen Phuong Anh, Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong, Chu Xuan Viet, Nguyen Thi Tuyet,...
Chu Xuan Viet (1993) said that a young entrepreneur needs to have the following personality traits : Will to get rich; Master the profession; Good management; Trustworthy; Dynamic, creative; Good communication; Thrifty; Honest; Experienced; Seizing opportunities [55]. Author Nguyen Thi Tuyet and colleagues (1997) sketched a portrait of 300 young farm owners in Yen Bai Province as young entrepreneurs in the mountains and identified some of their personality traits as: Persistent, hard-working, diligent; Dynamic; Eager to learn in life and in books; Wide social circle; Intelligent; Ambitious; Adventurous; Sharp [37, p.28].
Author Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh (1996) in her research pointed out 14 personality traits of Vietnamese entrepreneurs in business activities , which are: Persistence; Diligence; Willingness; Dare to take risks; Have a business-calculating mind; Eagerness to learn and understand; Flexibility, dynamism; Sharpness; Creative mind; Sociability; Decisiveness; Proficiency; Experience in the field of business; Caution; Intelligence; Confidence [2, p.35].
Author Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong (1996) in "Research on some psychological and social characteristics of young Vietnamese entrepreneurs " proposed 60 specific PCs, divided into 3 groups: abilities; skills and current typical PCs of young entrepreneurs in Vietnam, including 20 PCTLs [59, p.25].
In the field of military psychology, some authors have mentioned PCTL in their research works such as: Nguyen Ngoc Phu, Nguyen Anh Chien, Le Duc Phuc, Nguyen Dinh Gam, Chu Thanh Phong, Bui Xuan Hoan, Dinh Hong Tuan, Phung Duc Quat, Nguyen Mai Lan, Truong Cong Am, Do Van Tho,...
Author Dinh Hong Tuan (1996) in the study " Psychological basis of strengthening and improving the discipline of military groups of special forces" based on the analysis of the distinctive characteristics of the military operating conditions of special forces, pointed out the contents that make up the discipline of a military group, the evaluation indexes, the paths and measures to strengthen and improve the discipline of military groups of special forces [56, p.32].
Author Nguyen Ngoc Phu (1998) has deeply analyzed the structure of the protective consciousness of the commanding officer - one of the political, spiritual and moral PCs. According to the author, this PC includes a deep sense of class and national enlightenment, the need to be ready to protect the Fatherland and is expressed through positive actions for the cause of protecting the Fatherland (quoted from Nguyen Mai Lan [37, p.38]).
Author Chu Thanh Phong (1998) analyzed the factors that constitute the military career trends of fighter pilots of the Vietnam People's Air Force and identified effective ways to influence the development of this psychological attribute in them in the current period. Author Bui Xuan Hoan pointed out the necessary personality traits of grassroots border guard political cadres , which are: political and ethical personality traits; lifestyle personality traits; professional and professional personality traits; and working style and manners.
Author Nguyen Anh Chien (2000) built a model of NC of a commanding officer including 6 typical PCTL: PC of politics - ethics; PC of intelligence; PC of courage; PC of strong will; PC of physical strength; PC of professional capacity. Author Le Duc Phuc approached the structure of NC of a military officer on the aspects of cognition, attitude, motivation, and will. These aspects are shown through manifestations such as: Trust, determination to protect the noble ideals of the people's army; Always ready to fight and sacrifice to protect the Fatherland (aspects of attitude, motivation, and will); Understanding the position, function, role, tasks, and requirements of a soldier (aspect of cognition). Author Nguyen Dinh Gam (2002) when discussing "Characteristics of personality development of young officers in the current period ", stated that the level of intellectual development, ability to adapt to social psychology, orientation, and ability to work hard, etc.
Values are the characteristics of the development of young officers' personalities in the current period. The author also commented that some young officers show signs of the erosion of traditional values in the market economy. Due to lack of experience, there are still cases of wavering, fading ideas, and reduced fighting spirit [8, p.38].
Regarding the security industry, there have been the following studies:
Author Nguyen Mai Lan (2000) in the work " Characteristic psychological qualities of Code translators " identified 22 characteristic psychological qualities of code translators in 4 groups: Tendency; personality; temperament; ability [37, p.22].
Author Do Van Tho (2003), based on the analysis of the characteristics of the Criminal Police's activities, proposed 3 groups of criminal ethics : political ethics; intellectual competence; personality and will. Specifically, there are 22 criminal ethics such as: Love for the profession, having the right interest in the profession; Absolute loyalty to the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; Spirit of fighting to protect the right; Spirit of enduring hardships and overcoming difficulties; High sense of responsibility; Faith in good things; Quick thinking; Good memory; Good judgment; Ability to adapt, easy to integrate; Ability to react quickly; Ability to communicate; Ability to observe; Courage; Decisiveness; Perseverance; Independence; Discipline; Good self-control; Honesty; Prudence [72, p.34].
Author Truong Cong Am (2003) pointed out 3 necessary skills of an investigator: political skills that demonstrate the investigator's mettle; ethical skills and professional style; skills that demonstrate the ability to conduct investigations (cited by Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh [37, p.27]).
In the field of prisoner rehabilitation management, some authors have mentioned the PCTL of prison officers in their research works such as authors: Nguyen Huu Duyen, Pham Duc Duan, Le Nhu Hoa, Dang Thanh Nga, Nguyen Van Tap,...
Author Dang Thanh Nga (2009) has proposed some PCs for inmate educators such as: Love for the profession; Humane attitude towards inmates; Strong will; Know how to behave tactfully in a pedagogical manner; Have pedagogical ability; Be cultured, Have high education; Have organizational ability; Have organizational ability; Have an outward demeanor (decent, calm, composed, careful; have communication ability). Author Le Nhu Hoa in the work " Culture, art and inmate education " has clarified the theoretical and practical basis of inmate education through artistic activities. The author also