information on technology of Vietnamese partners. In addition, the supporting institutions for consulting, technology appraisal on quality and price have not been operating well due to the limited capacity of these agencies, and the scientific and technological goods in the form of "technical services" such as consulting, testing, measuring, appraisal, maintenance... are not highly professional. That is not to mention the transfer activities through outright purchase and sale, or to increase the capital contribution of joint ventures, which the Vietnamese partners (usually state-owned enterprises) for "sensitive" or weak reasons, do not want to accurately evaluate. For 100% foreign-owned enterprises, the evaluation of high-investment technology, to calculate depreciation, to hire operating experts,... from which to deduct costs to avoid taxes,... is similar, the reason is still that we lack "technical service" goods of sufficient scope to clearly identify the incorrect valuation of these companies. That is on the partners' side, but on the Vietnamese side, the valuation of Vietnam's capital contribution also has many shortcomings, often valuing lower than the real value of the capital, especially the issue of valuing brands, trademarks of goods... contributed to the joint venture, while these types of goods, if they belong to the partner, are often valued very highly. Although the valuation is low, in reality, only very few Vietnamese partners can value their brands. Here are a few examples: Viet Ha Beer Company, when contributing capital to a joint venture with a Danish partner, valued the Halida Beer brand at 550,000 USD, P/S Company valued the P/S brand at 5.3 million USD, Saigon Beer Company with its beer brand was valued at 9.5 million USD when contributing capital to a joint venture in Nghe An... However, according to experts, the valuation of this brand is still much lower than the reality. In short, the foreign investment sector in Vietnam is a very large “demand” market for the development of “Technical Services” in the form of scientific and technological goods . However, due to the current limitations of market support institutions, especially in the provision of scientific and technological goods of this type, it is necessary to quickly create a synchronous system of these factors, and at the same time, in the near future, it is possible to “buy”
These goods are from reputable international consultants participating in the appraisal of large capital and complex technology projects.
2.2.3.3 Goods import market
Regarding the import market in the periods, there have been significant changes, the group of export materials increased from 87.3% in the period 1986-1990 to 93.6% in the period 2001-2005, correspondingly, the group of consumer goods decreased from 15% in the period 1990-1995 to 6.4% in the period 2001-2005. Another notable point in the group of production materials has a relatively stable structure; meanwhile, the group of raw materials has a higher growth rate. It can be said that in increasing the structure of the group of production materials, the main thing is to increase the proportion of raw materials.
Table 2.22: Structure of imported goods groups according to state plan. (%)
tt | Content | 1986-1990 | 1991-1995 | 1996-2000 | 2001-2005 |
1 | Production materials -Machinery and equipment -Raw materials, fuel | 87.3 33.3 54.1 | 85.0 25.4 59.6 | 91.1 29.8 61.3 | 93.6 28.5 64.9 |
2 | Consumable items use | 12.7 | 15.0 | 8.9 | 6.4 |
Source: Vietnam's import and export of goods in 20 years of renovation General Statistics Office - Statistical Publishing House 2006 | |||||
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The proportion of major imported goods in the period 1986-2005 also clearly reflects the reality that most of the goods imported into Vietnam are still petroleum with an average value of 1,345.6 million USD for the whole period, followed by raw materials for garments with 808.1 million USD... and finally cotton 85.9 million USD. Looking at the increase in the proportion of each type of commodity, we can see that some commodities have the highest increase since 1995 until now, the proportion of these commodities has increased continuously from 1.2% to 6.6%; Next, plastic is the most stable growing commodity, from 1.0% in the period 1986-1990, this commodity always had a higher growth rate in the following period than the previous period and in the period 2001-2005 it was 3.6%. Besides the items that increased in weight, there was also a series of goods that decreased in import weight because domestic production began to meet demand. The most typical is the segment
Although the demand for fertilizers for agriculture and industry is increasing, the import proportion of these products has continuously decreased from 6.1% in the period 1986-1990 to 2.3% in the period 2001-2005; Another item that has seen a sharp decline is motorbikes. After increasing from 0.3% in the 1986-1990 period to 4.8% in the 1991-1995 period, the proportion of motorbike imports has continuously decreased, reaching a level of
In the period 2001-2005, it was only 1.8%, because this domestic product met almost all the needs of the middle and lower market segments. The most stable product was steel, during the period 1986-2005, this product had a proportion of about 4.1%-4.9%; Next is pesticides, which accounted for 0.6%-1.1% in the period 1986-2005.
Table 2.23: Import proportion of some key import goods in the period 1986-2005
TT | Item | 1986 1990 % | 1991 1995 % | 1996 2000 % | 2001 2005 % | Value Average annual (tr/USD) |
1 | Gasoline | 20.1 | 14.2 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 1345.6 |
2 | Original sewing material | 0.9 | 3.9 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 808.1 |
3 | Iron and steel | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 703.8 |
4 | Fabric | 2.2 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 589.8 |
5 | Fertilizer | 6.1 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 386.9 |
6 | Plastic | 1.0 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 361.5 |
7 | Motorbike | 0.3 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 284.9 |
8 | Cars of all kinds | 2.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 277.2 |
9 | Western medicine | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 198.0 |
10 | Silk, fiber, textile yarn | 0.9 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 138.1 |
11 | Pesticide | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 88.0 |
12 | Cotton fiber | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 85.9 |
Source: Vietnam's import and export of goods in 20 years of renovation General Statistics Office - Statistical Publishing House 2006 | ||||||
Regarding the quality of imported technological goods: In addition to modern machinery and technological equipment that have been imported and have been effectively promoted in economic sectors such as telecommunications, oil and gas, some have relatively advanced technology such as in electricity, electronics, food processing technology, etc. High technology new materials, biotechnology
In fact, automation technology is still very limited, if any, in scope. Vietnamese import enterprises still only focus on purchasing complete technological equipment in a turnkey manner, not on transferring software and know-how. This ratio usually accounts for less than 20% of the value of imported technology, while potential technologies and R&D research are almost non-existent. Another problem is that the import of Vietnamese scientific and technological goods from partners is only second and third generation technology, used technology, and even waste technology from developed countries. This type of technology import is quite common in the textile and printing industries... The sad reality is that without a mechanism to control and further regulate imports, Vietnam will become an industrial waste for developed countries.
Regarding the price of imported machinery and technological equipment: It can be said that in the category of imported goods as production materials through the periods, the proportion of machinery and technological equipment has always remained at nearly 30%. According to current statistics, and according to experts from the Ministry of Science and Technology, the price of most imported machinery and equipment in Vietnam is about 10%-15% higher than the world average. However, according to a recent survey, when we hired international inspection company SGS to inspect the import of 06 types of machinery and equipment, it was concluded that our import prices were up to 40% higher than the average price on the world market. This once again shows us the weakness in assessing, consulting... importing and selling technological equipment in Vietnam. It can be said that it is similar in the field of
Currently, we are lacking professional organizations with international capacity and reputation in the field of consulting on agricultural and technological trade through import.
Another issue in importing goods is the accurate valuation of input components for production, especially high-tech components or secret materials..., from companies that sell to foreign-invested enterprises in Vietnam. This valuation is also
It is difficult to give a typical example of the market for importing components for assembly in Vietnam. Over a long period of more than a decade, although
The government protects import taxes of up to 100% to 150% for fully imported cars. The export prices of 5- to 8-seat passenger cars in Vietnam are always 2 to 2.5 times higher than the selling prices of similar products in the world, but the joint ventures in the Vietnam Automobile Association still say that due to low profits and high costs, they cannot reduce prices. According to the industry magazine published on January 23, 2006, " The automobile manufacturing industry is highly protected, so when taxes have not been increased, the selling price is already high because businesses tend to set selling prices at a level close to the import tax on complete vehicles plus taxes to earn high profits without making efforts to reduce costs"; "Currently, the import price of automobile components of domestic manufacturing and assembling enterprises is much higher than the production price at the manufacturer." This also happened similarly when the Coca-Cola Vietnam joint venture went into production with the exclusive supply of raw materials, so the import of Consentrate for mixing, at the same time because we did not have professional price appraisers right from the time of signing the joint venture contract, the joint venture continuously suffered losses due to high production costs, leading to us having to resell Coca-Cola shares. In fact, in cases like this, although the joint venture is losing money, the parent company is not at all at risk, or in other words, only the Vietnamese side is really at risk.... Through the above examples, we can once again see that in the investment field as well as in the field of importing goods, there is really a market with a huge demand for scientific and technological goods in the form of "Technical Services", but currently both the quantity and quality of this type of goods in Vietnam are still very limited and cannot completely meet the needs of the market.
2.2.4 Market support institutions
2.2.4.1 Information, consulting and technology appraisal agencies
Currently, in addition to the Ministry of Science and Technology, which is the main state management agency for science and technology, developing the potential of science and technology
national... with its affiliated departments including the Intellectual Property Office, the General Department of Quality Measurement, the Department of Technology Assessment and Appraisal... are specialized agencies that play an important role in establishing and forming the science and technology market. The Ministry, as the representative owner, manages a number of enterprises serving the development of science and technology such as the Technology and Development Company (ITECH), the Industrial Property Company (INVESTIP); the Science and Technology Application Joint Stock Company (MITECH), the Technology Investment and Development Joint Stock Company (FPT)... These are leading companies in consulting, providing, developing and transferring technology... with the assigned functions and tasks, with their initiative, these companies are emerging as distributors and trusted partners of foreign companies. Along with the above functional structure of the Ministry of Science and Technology, all provinces have departments of science and technology; The system of departments operates independently on the basis of performing the tasks of science and technology management, and developing science and technology potential, managing intellectual property quality measurement standards... in the locality. The departments of science and technology play a leading role in receiving and transferring technology in the locality. They are the bridge between local enterprises and technological advances. Each department has specialized centers for each field. For example: The Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City, in addition to functional departments such as the Department of Science Management, the Department of Technology Management, the Department of Intellectual Property Management, the Department of Standards and Quality Measurement..., also has 08 affiliated centers such as the Center for Science and Technology Information, the Center for Laboratory Analysis Services, the Center for Applied Research and Science and Technology Services... These centers may be more or less than in other departments of science and technology, but all perform the functions of appraisal agencies, information providers, consultants... when requested by enterprises. In addition to providing information and consulting..., the departments of science and technology also preside over scientific topics according to management levels, according to funding sources, and topics assigned by the city or province to which the department belongs.
The departments of science and technology, in addition to being under the professional direction of the vertical sector, are also directly under the management of the People's Committees of provinces and cities; in addition, according to the territory, the departments of science in each region and area also coordinate and support each other to create an interwoven system. Thanks to such a system, the ability to support between regions is increased; in addition, the support and linkage between the departments of science and technology in regions and areas will help the departments of science and technology to make the most of the capacity of consulting, monitoring, measuring and quality control centers... invested from the state budget of the departments of science and technology in centrally-run cities, or in provinces with large investment budgets. However, a very sad weakness is that currently out of a total of 64 departments of science and technology, only about 16 departments of science and technology have their own websites, the rest have not or are under construction; Besides, the role of promoting as a locomotive in information, consulting, transfer... is still very weak, especially in remote provinces, provinces with limited qualified intellectuals.
Along with the information, consulting, and scientific and technological assessment centers under the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Departments of Science and Technology, many scientific and technological centers have been established in localities where there are universities. In addition to the educational and training functions, these centers also have the functions of application, consulting, measurement and testing, and transfer of science and technology. Linking research with teaching and research with practice is no longer an orientation, but a requirement arising from practice for the formation and development of these centers. With the strength of a team of highly qualified scientists, these centers are not simply experimental centers in linking research and practice, but are now gradually growing into companies with sufficient financial autonomy. At the same time, with their strong scientific and technological capabilities, some centers have proactively entered into joint ventures and partnerships with businesses to execute valuable contracts, not only in terms of economics.
economic but also very meaningful in developing the scientific and technological potential of the center in particular as well as the scientific and technological potential of the whole industry and field in which the center participates. With the strong development of these centers, in the current conditions, a fairly strong market has been formed to supply scientific and technological goods as presented in the above section.
Another system is the information, consulting, and appraisal agencies of research institutes under ministries, branches, and corporations... in addition to their main functions of researching, transferring, and developing... technologies and specialized scientific and technological products directly serving their fields of operation. At the same time, with their available scientific and technological capacity and financial resources, these research institutes are also major centers of information, consulting, and service transfer... of a specialized nature in specific fields with high expertise and practical experience from production.
2.2.4.2 Legal services on intellectual property and technology transfer
With the condition of an underdeveloped science and technology market and a very small transaction volume in Vietnam, legal services on intellectual property are also very limited, apart from specialized organizations on information and technology consulting and appraisal as mentioned above. To some extent within their capacity, these organizations also help provide legal advice to businesses, but in general, these organizations have not performed this function independently, systematically and professionally. At the ministerial level, the Legal Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology also only has the function of assisting the Minister in implementing the management of science and technology by law, organizing the development of the legal system, reviewing legal documents, disseminating and propagating laws on science and technology, the Department of Assessment, Appraisal and Appraisal in the field of science and technology, in addition to assisting the Minister in assessing, appraising and appraising technology, the Department with its professional capacity is also an advisory body on other aspects of technology, including advice on the legal aspect of technology transfer. Notable in performing this function is the Intellectual Property Office, as the agency ensuring the implementation of activities on
Intellectual property... In its training content, the Intellectual Property Office has cooperated with Ho Chi Minh City University of Law to introduce a program system consisting of three levels (A, B, C), in training and coaching on intellectual property with level A helping learners grasp the basic issues of intellectual property, on Intellectual Property Law in Vietnam, level B is to be responsible for intellectual property management in enterprises, or to be responsible for intellectual property expertise in law enforcement agencies, administrative management, and level C is to practice as a professional in the field of intellectual property, including the profession of intellectual property owner representative. Each level will target different groups of people depending on each position and job requirements. For the departments of science and technology, this function is also located in the centers of science and technology services, or the centers of science and technology information... belonging to the departments, but as above, because they are not completely independent, the specialized organizations on intellectual property established by the state still only have the main functions of administrative management and legal consultancy, but are not really professional agencies in legal services on intellectual property as well as technology transfer. Another thing worth mentioning here is that although the Ministry of Science and Technology has a vocational school for science and technology management, this school only provides professional training for officials and civil servants under the ministry, mainly in state management of science and technology, not in-depth training on intellectual property law and technology transfer. Along with the trend of innovation and integration, the issue of intellectual property is becoming more urgent and with the diversification of current judicial activities in Vietnam, especially after the Law on Science and Technology, the Law on Intellectual Property was born, many law offices, law firms, in addition to the usual legal services, these organizations also pay special attention to legal services related to intellectual property. Most notably, some of Vietnam's leading law firms on intellectual property such as WINCO, with a team of hundreds of employees, with a large number of professors, doctors, masters, lawyers with extensive expertise in many fields of science and technology as well as the
understanding of the domestic and international intellectual property legal system... the company operates in the fields of law, in which legal consulting services specializing in technology and intellectual property are always a strength of the company both domestically and internationally. In order to practice effectively according to international practices, as well as to have support in exchanging academic and litigation skills, Winco is also a member of prestigious intellectual property lawyer associations in the world such as the Asian Intellectual Property Association (ASEAN IPA), the Asian Patent Attorneys Association (APAA), the International Trademark Association (INTA), the European Community Trademark Association (ECTA), and the International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI). Along with Winco, there are also a series of other leading law firms, such as YKVN-law, which is the first law firm in Vietnam to be recognized as the number 1 law firm in Vietnam in the field of finance and banking for two consecutive years, 2004 and 2005. In the field of technology transfer, this is the company that advised the General Aviation Corporation in purchasing AIRBUS aircraft from the European Union. Not only stopping at consulting contracts for parts, a type of product, the company also consults on the purchase and sale of a whole technological process, consulting on the purchase and sale of mergers and acquisitions of companies for foreign companies operating in Vietnam, such as advising Trenergy Gas , a Malaysian company, in the sale of a large factory to V-Trac before this company terminated all its operations in Vietnam. Consulting for Taiwan Sugar in the project of acquiring a foreign-invested company in Vietnam;..... Most notably, YKVN advised a Singaporean bank in restructuring loans for a Taiwanese joint venture, financing a commercial and entertainment project in Ho Chi Minh City with a total capital of up to 500 million USD. In the field of intellectual property, the company has also advised multinational corporations, world-famous brands operating in Vietnam such as Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Hershey ... registering trademarks by inventions, industrial property transfer contracts, technology transfer... besides Winco, YKVN-
law... there are also many other leading law firms operating in this field.., these are very encouraging signs, but for legal services on intellectual property to truly develop, the most important factor is still a legal corridor according to international practice to truly create conditions, as well as a role for lawyers to practice according to unified principles in accordance with international practice in Vietnam.
2.2.4.3 Other supporting institutions.
2.2.4.3.1 Fairs, advertising, intellectual property transfer
Since 2003, the first year of the Vietnam Technology and Equipment Fair (Techmart Vietnam) has been held on a national scale. This is considered a boost, creating a premise for manufacturers, managers, scientists, and businessmen to meet each other. Techmart Vietnam 2003 took place on October 13 at the Giang Vo Exhibition Center in Hanoi. With the motto of "joining together for development", the Fair had 319 domestic and foreign units participating in the sale of 1,932 equipment technologies, of which 34 foreign units introduced 94 technologies. During the Fair, 676 contracts and sales records were signed; however, the value of the contracts was not high. During the Fair, there were also seminars introducing technology policies... however, the advertising and promotion of the Fair was not good, so many individuals and organizations with the need to buy and sell technology could not participate. Techmart Vietnam 2005 - this is the second time the Fair has been held on a national scale. Compared to the previous time, the Fair has made great strides in terms of advertising, scale as well as professionalism in organization; therefore, the successes that the Fair brought were very significant, with more than
2,200 technological equipment in most manufacturing sectors were offered for sale, with 1,037 contracts and memorandums of understanding signed with a total value of up to 1,600 billion over 100 million USD, including many contracts worth more than 100 billion VND; The fair takes the criterion of being a "consulting market" to increase efficiency. Therefore, anyone interested in technology coming here can find advice, introduction to technology appraisal and evaluation skills, negotiation skills.
negotiating, signing technology transfer contracts... During the Fair, a virtual fair was also organized for visitors and businesses to search for information. With the success of Techmart Vietnam 2005, in 2006 a series of fairs were held in Hanoi, Hoa Binh; especially in Ho Chi Minh City, the "Vietnam & International Technology and Equipment Market 2006" and "Software and Information Technology Solutions Market 2006" (TechMart - SoftMart Vietnam & World 2006) were also held. This was also a prominent feature of the technology fairs taking place in 2006; these fairs took place with very clear criteria and industries, for example Techmart Hanoi 2006 was a fair on information technology, communications and automation; Techmart Hoa Binh 2006 is a technology fair of the northern mountainous provinces, mainly introducing technology products in the fields of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, of domestic establishments. Techmart & softmart Ho Chi Minh City clearly indicates a market for software and information technology solutions. In addition to specifying the objects, these fairs are held in localities that are closely linked to the need to develop technologies and fields that the locality has potential, needs, or is in the direction of development.
In addition to the fairs that are regularly organized according to each scale, topic, and region as above, the Information Technology Science Information Center also has a specialized website about technology markets on the Internet at the address WWW.techmartvietnam.com.vn . In addition, the Vietnam Fair Information Center also has a website WWW.tradefiarvietnam.com.vnProvide detailed information about fairs including Techmart Vietnam.
Transfer of intellectual property rights: In addition to advertising and direct sales through technology fairs, the market for science and technology goods has been quite busy since before the fair. Since 1995, the transfer of industrial property rights through licensing contracts has taken place and been registered at the Intellectual Property Office, the number of licensing contracts has increased every year. Most notably,
Transfers between Vietnam and foreign countries always account for the highest proportion in terms of both the number of contracts and the subjects of license transfer. This is consistent with the reality of foreign investment in the form of joint ventures in Vietnam up to now.
Table 2.24: Transfer of industrial property rights
- License contract
Number of applications for Registration of License Agreements | Number of License Contracts Registered | |||||||
The signatories Year | VN- VN | VN-NN | NN- NN | Total | VN- VN | VN-NN | NN- NN | Total |
1995 | 18 | 82 | 09 | 109 | 14 | 22 | 48 | 84 |
1996 | 10 | 196 | 17 | 223 | 02 (02) | 99 (114) | 24 (25) | 125 (141) |
1997 | 18 (20) | 68 (103) | 25 (47) | 111 (170) | 13 (26) | 21 (172) | 09 (23) | 43 (221) |
1998 | 08 (08) | 51 (183) | 31 (44) | 90 (235) | 07 (07) | 23 (167) | 26 (67) | 56 (241) |
1999 | 15 (20) | 59 (214) | 20 (49) | 94 (283) | 09 (15) | 46 (157) | 20 (58) | 75 (223) |
2000 | 16 (18) | 57 (208) | 07 (31) | 80 (257) | 11 (14) | 60 (159) | 09 (32) | 80 (205) |
2001 | 11 (15) | 62 (267) | 11 (45) | 84 (327) | 15 (22) | 52 (200) | 12 (36) | 79 (258) |
2002 | 40 (48) | 82 (312) | 17 (42) | 139 (402) | 32 (40) | 80 (335) | 20 (60) | 132 (435) |
2003 | 81 (114) | 75 (247) | 9 (14) | 167 (375) | 34 (45) | 60 (232) | 5 (5) | 99 (272) |
2004 | 160 (215) | 62 (160) | 20 (92) | 242 (467) | 157 (222) | 66 (139) | 15 (84) | 238 (445) |
2005 | 177 | 353 | ||||||
Source: Website - Intellectual Property Office/statistics | ||||||||
VN-VN: Transfer between Vietnamese and Vietnamese
VN-NN: Transfer between Vietnamese and Foreigners VN-VN: Transfer between Vietnamese and Vietnamese
NN-NN: Foreign-to-Foreign Transfer
(The number in parentheses is the number of licensed objects)
Through table 23, we also see a very encouraging point that before 2003, the number of licenses between Vietnamese and Vietnamese people was quite modest and accounted for the lowest percentage among the three types of transfers: VN-VN, VN-NN, NN-NN, but by 2003 this number had increased and especially in 2004 the number of transfers of industrial property rights through licensing contracts as well as the number of subjects both skyrocketed, at 157 contracts with 222 subjects transferred; for the first time ever, it surpassed the transfer between foreigners and Vietnamese people. It can be said that, along with the country's increased scientific and technological potential, the first national-scale Techmart Vietnam 2003 was organized, creating a real "push" for the transfer of licenses between Vietnamese and Vietnamese people, or more precisely, the creation of a link between the supply and demand sides of industrial property rights of Vietnamese partners.
Table 2.25: Contract for transfer of ownership of intellectual property objects
Number of applications for registration of Contracts for transfer of ownership of IP objects | Number of Contracts for transferring ownership of SHCN objects that have been registered | |||||||
The signatories Year | VN- VN | VN-NN | NN- NN | Total | VN- VN | VN-NN | NN-NN | Total |
1997 | 37 (52) | 03 (03) | 109 (112) | 149 (167) | 16 (42) | 01 (01) | 21 (46) | 38 (89) |
1998 | 61 (69) | 05 (25) | 152 (308) | 218 (402) | 33 (43) | 03 (14) | 61 (166) | 97 (223) |
1999 | 108 (222) | 07 (12) | 104 (191) | 219 (425) | 78 (191) | 05 (18) | 90 (184) | 173 (393) |
2000 | 151 (191) | 07 (07) | 207 (456) | 365 (654) | 99 (171) | 06 (07) | 122 (375) | 227 (553) |
2001 | 145 | 03 | 218 | 366 | 117 | 07 | 146 | 271 |
Number of Contracts for transferring ownership of SHCN objects that have been registered | ||||||||
(328) | (03) | (530) | (861) | (295) | (08) | (299) | (603) | |
2002 | 101 (201) | 4 (5) | 196 (574) | 301 (780) | 100 (222) | 2 (2) | 164 (411) | 266 (635) |
2003 | 139 (208) | 10 (22) | 227 (650) | 376 (880) | 122 (178) | 4 (16) | 246 (889) | 372 (1083) |
2004 | 171 (393) | 7 (7) | 191 (368) | 369 (768) | 157 (329) | 11 (13) | 231 (579) | 359 (921) |
2005 | 403 | 168 | ||||||
Source: Website - Intellectual Property Office/statistics | ||||||||
Number of applications for registration of Contracts for transfer of ownership of IP objects
(The number in parentheses is the number of objects transferred.
ownership)
Regarding the contract for transferring ownership of industrial property objects according to Table 24, there is a completely different reality with the number of objects transferred between Vietnamese and Vietnamese and foreign-foreign, accounting for a much higher proportion than the transfer between foreign and Vietnamese. This shows that both Vietnamese and foreign partners do not really understand each other, and do not have or have the need to transfer ownership of industrial property objects but there is no suitable mechanism for contact and sale or the capacity between the partners is still very different as well as the legal system is not similar, so it does not create conditions for Vietnamese-foreign partners to transfer ownership of industrial property objects to each other.
2.2.4.3.2 Providing finance and credit
In recent years, science and technology have always been concerned and identified as the key factor determining the success of the industrialization and modernization in general, as well as the development of science and technology and the science and technology market in particular. However, in reality, investment in science and technology is still very low, only about 1%, much lower than the expected 2%, even in some years.