US science and technology policy under President Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Technology as a valuable resource of the country in science, engineering and technology.

5- Maintain and develop a solid foundation for science and technology in the US:

a. With strong participation and partnerships with the governments of the states in the Federation, local authorities and the private sector.

b. Maintain and develop diverse scientific and technological potential within the Government, in industry and in universities; encourage the independent positivity of this potential, while removing harmful obstacles to scientific and technological innovation;

c. Effectively control and disseminate scientific, technical and technological information;

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d. Determine the main standards of science, technology and industry, of measurement and testing methods.

e. Support the improvement of people's knowledge of science and technology.

6- Based on changes in practice, this law shall be periodically supplemented and amended; the Federal Government shall be responsible for identifying provisions that are no longer appropriate and for recommending appropriate measures.

II. To implement the above principles of science and technology policy, it is necessary to:

1- The Federal Government maintains central planning elements in the sectors, assists the sectors, assists the agencies and the Federal news agencies.

a. Identify public service issues and goals;

b. Mobilizing scientific and technological resources for key national programs;

c. Forecast the future benefits that science and technology can contribute and identify strategies for using science and technology towards these goals;

d. Ensure dedicated facilities for identified programs;

e. Drafting of summaries of the policy system of the Federal scientific programs and of legal measures when necessary. These elements also include a consultation mechanism within the framework of the executive body of the President, so that the main executive body receives independent, expert advice and assistance on policy issues that require a synthesis of the situation in scientific, technical and technological activity.;

2- It is the responsibility of the Federal Government to ensure the rapid, effective, reliable and systematic dissemination of scientific and technological information by appropriate methods and programmes carried out by non-governmental organisations, including industrial groups and technical associations. In particular, it is the responsibility of the Federal Government not only to harmonise and unify its own scientific and technological information systems, but also to establish a close link between scientific research and the use of scientific and technological achievements in production and business activities.

3- The Federal Government has the duty to support scientific and technical activities that can bring about socially beneficial results that the private sector is unwilling or unable to carry out.

4- Scientific and technological activities shall be funded by the Federal Government only when they are in line with the national scientific and technological development policy and are assessed by experts as promising. These activities shall be managed by the governments of the states, which shall establish cooperative relations to encourage their autonomy in deciding, financially supporting, planning scientific and technological programs and implementing these programs.

5- Where deemed necessary, the Federal Government shall support and use the various engineering disciplines and disciplines as well as engineering personnel as a fundamental element in the formulation of Federal policy.

6- To have the State's legal guarantee for science and technology, it is required that the National Assembly be regularly informed of the requirements on the conditions, vitality and capital of science and technology, on the relationship of science and technology to changes in national goals and the need to amend the law so that leaders at all levels related to science and technology can study and consider resolving them according to their authority.

CHAPTER III

CONDITIONING METHODS

The National Assembly declares that, in order to implement the science and technology policy announced above, the following regulatory methods will be of decisive importance.

1. Federal funding policies must encourage the use of science and technology to save raw materials, energy and means, protect the environment and improve production efficiency.

2. Wherever possible, clear criteria, including the “cost-benefit” principle, shall be used to determine the appropriateness of applied research programs for Federal assistance and to determine the level of assistance. Special attention shall be given to scientific and technological problems and tasks that have such promise for social progress, are so large in scope, geographically dispersed, and economically demanding that the Federal Government must establish adequate sources for their funding.

3. Federal funding for science and technology must emphasize the quality of research in response to urgent tasks and ensure time limits for achieving results. The special significance of stability in scientific and technological research institutions must be recognized. In particular, when considering federal funding for basic research, it must be distributed in such a way as to encourage research in the necessary disciplines and to create a scientific knowledge base that will be the main starting point for future technical development, while at the same time contributing to the cultural achievements of the country.

4. Federal policy in the field of invention must continue to develop on the basis of unified principles, with the aim of encouraging industrial innovation and taking advantage of beneficial technologies that serve society well.

5. Closer relationships should be encouraged between the specialized branches of the different technical sciences, including physics, sociology, medicine and biology.

6. Ministries, Federal agencies and supporting agencies shall effectively manage laboratories and equipment in their sectors, including the procurement of equipment in their sectors, including the procurement of new equipment, ensuring that the productivity of all types of expensive equipment is optimized. When arranging equipment, the above-mentioned agencies shall take into account the possibility of its continued use in production.

7. Contributions to science and technology should be encouraged to support; the implementation of the objectives of the states and local administrations within the Federation.

8. The Federal Government will support applied research in all areas and in all fields that benefit society.

9. Ministries, Federal agencies and competent authorities shall determine methods for ensuring the systematic exchange of scientific data, technical and industrial knowledge acquired in the course of managing programmes.

US science and technology policy under President Bill Clinton (1993-2001) - 15

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