Assessment of plant diversity in Yen Tu special-use forest - Quang Ninh

Research on flora in Vietnam has existed for a long time. We can mention some authors such as: Tue Tinh (1417), in the book "Nam Duoc Than Hieu" described up to 579 medicinal plants; Ly Thoi Chan (1595), in the book "Ban Thao Cuong Muc" mentioned

to more than 1000 herbal medicines, etc. (Hoang Thi San, 2000). However, large-scale research on plants in our country only began during the French colonial period. Valuable research works on plants were all conducted by foreign authors such as: "Plants in the South" by Loureiro (1790), "Plants of the Southern Forest" by Pierre (1879-1899). These studies also only stopped at the statistics and description of the number of plant species in Vietnam.

The most prominent is the work “Flora of Indochina”, consisting of 7 main volumes and 1 supplementary volume, published from 1907 to 1952 by the French botanist Lecomte and his colleagues. In this work, the authors have listed and described 7004 species of vascular plants in Indochina, including Vietnam, according to (Nguyen Van Thanh, 2005). Based on the flora of Indochina, Thai Van Trung (1978) in the work “Forest vegetation of Vietnam” listed 7004 species of vascular plants in the flora of Vietnam, belonging to 1850 genera and 289 families. The Angiosperm phylum has 6366 species (90.89%), 1727 genera (93.35%) and 239 families (82.70%).

The Gymnosperm phylum has 39 species (0.56%), 18 genera (0.97%), 8 families (2.77%) and the rest are the Deciduous group. In the Angiosperm phylum, the Dicotyledonous class has 4822 species (75.75%), 1346 genera (77.94%), 198 families (82.85%) and the Monocotyledonous class has 1544 species (24.25%), 381

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genus (22.06%), 41 families (17.15%).

Most notable is the series “Vietnamese Flora” by Pham Hoang Ho (1991-1993), published in Canada, including 3 volumes (6 books), which has listed and described 10,419 species of vascular plants in Vietnam. In the last two years (1999-2000), the author

has been revised, supplemented and republished in Vietnam. The book series consists of 3 volumes, describing 11,611 species belonging to 3,179 genera, 295 families and 6 phyla.

In the direction of taxonomic diversity research in regions of Vietnam, we must mention the work of Phan Ke Loc (1973) "Initial statistics of known tree species in Northern Vietnam". The author has counted 5609 species belonging to 1660 genera and 240 families (Le Tran Chan, 1999). In 1984, Nguyen Tien Ban, Tran Dinh Dai, Phan Ke Loc and

The collective of authors published the book "List of Central Highlands Plants" announcing 3754 species of vascular plants (Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2004). In the work "Plants on Phu Quoc Island" in 1985, author Pham Hoang Ho listed 929 species of vascular plants, including 112 cultivated species, 817 species with natural distribution and recorded 19 new species for Vietnam, excluding fungi.

In 1990, in his PhD thesis in Biology "Contributing to the study of some characteristics of

In his book “Basic points of the flora of Lam Son (Ha Son Binh province)”, Le Tran Chan has recorded that within an area of 15 km2 , there are 1,261 species of vascular plants in 698 genera and 178 families. In addition, the author also fully assessed the diversity of life forms, geographical factors, and structural characteristics of the vegetation in Lam Son and compared the assessment with the flora of Cuc Phuong.

In 1997, Nguyen Nghia Thin published the book "Biodiversity Research Handbook". The author generalized the methods of studying plant diversity in general for regions and provided some information on the biodiversity situation in the world and Vietnam. In addition, the author counted 10,580 species of vascular plants in Vietnam belonging to 2,342 genera, 334 families, 6 phyla. Of which, the Angiosperm phylum has 9,812 species, 2,175 genera and 296 families. In 1998, Nguyen Nghia Thin and Nguyen Thi Thoi published the book "Flora diversity in the high mountains of Sa Pa - Phan Si Pan", which counted 2,024 species of vascular plants belonging to 771 genera, 200 families and 6 phyla.

In 1999, in the book "Some basic characteristics of the flora of Vietnam", Le Tran Chan counted 10,192 species, 2,298 genera and 285 families in Vietnam belonging to 7 phyla of vascular plants. Of which, the Psilotophyta has 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family; the Lycopodiophyta has 54 species, 4 genera, 2 families; the Isoetophyta has 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family; the Equisetophyta has 2 species, 1 genus, 1 family; the Polypodiophyta has 632 species, 138 genera, 28 families; the Gymnospermae has 52 species, 22 genera, 8 families; Angiosperms have 9,450 species, 2,131 genera, 244 families.

Recently (2001-2005), a group of authors from the Center for Natural Resources and Environment Research - Hanoi National University, Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources

Biology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, based on a collection of plant specimens and existing documents, has published the "List of Vietnamese plant species" consisting of 3 volumes. The book has the most complete list of plant species in Vietnam with the most updated scientific names. In this document, 11,238 species of vascular plants, belonging to 2,435 genera and 327 families, have been published. Of which, the Psilotophyta has 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family; the Lycopodiophyta has 53 species, 5 genera, 3 families; the Equisetophyta has 2 species, 1 genus, 1 family; the Polypodiophyta has 696 species, 136 genera, 29 families; Gymnosperms have 69 species, 22 genera, 9 families; Angiosperms have 10,417 species, 2,270 genera, 284 families.

There have been many studies on plant diversity in Vietnam's National Parks and Nature Reserves up to now. Typical studies include those by Nguyen Nghia Thin - Nguyen Ba Thu in Cuc Phuong National Park (1995), Nguyen Nghia Thin - Nguyen Thanh Nhan in Pu Mat National Park (2004), Nguyen Nghia Thin and colleagues in Bach Ma National Park (2003), Le Thi Huyen in Cat Ba National Park (1998), and Nguyen Van Thanh in Xuan Son National Park (2005). In 1995, in his PhD thesis in agricultural sciences with the topic "Research on plant diversity in Cuc Phuong National Park", author Nguyen Ba Thu counted 1,944 species of higher plants belonging to 912 genera, 219 families, 86 orders of 7 higher plant phyla and added 270 plant species to the Cuc Phuong flora compared to the 1971 flora list. Among them, there were 127 species, 74 genera, 31 families belonging to the Bryophyta phylum. At the same time, the author analyzed quite fully the diversity of life forms, geographical factors, composition as well as forest structure.

In 2004, within the framework of the Social Forestry and Nature Conservation Project in Nghe An province funded by the European Community (EU), the results of the project "Research on plant diversity in Pu Mat National Park" were implemented and announced. The project was completed based on the collection and systematization of research documents by a group of scientists from universities and research institutes at home and abroad, during the period from 1993-2004, implemented in a national park with the largest area in the northern region of Vietnam. In this project, 2,494 species belonging to 931 genera, 202 families, 6 phyla of vascular plants were listed and analyzed and evaluated.

The project also assessed the diversity of life forms, plant resource values, geographical factors, vegetation characteristics and community structure across the entire area of the Park. In addition, the project also assessed the diversity of plants in the core zone for both high and low belts, in the buffer zone and the diversity of medicinal plants in the area [34].

In the direction of research on forest vegetation and forest structure, we must mention the authors Tran Ngu Phuong (1970) and Thai Van Trung (1978). In 1970, author Tran Ngu Phuong in the work "Initial research on forests in Northern Vietnam" divided the forests of Northern Vietnam into 3 belts and 8 types. In which, the tropical monsoon forest belt includes 5 types: evergreen broadleaf mangrove forest type, evergreen broadleaf tropical monsoon forest type, evergreen broadleaf humid tropical forest type, valley broadleaf tropical forest type, limestone mountain evergreen broadleaf tropical forest type. The subtropical monsoon forest belt includes 3 types: evergreen broadleaf subtropical forest type, coniferous subtropical forest type on limestone mountains, subtropical forest type.

coniferous zone on the ground. The subtropical highland monsoon forest belt is divided into 3 types. Each type or type is divided into different subtypes.

Author Thai Van Trung, based on the theories of Sucasop's Biogeography and Tansley's Ecology, studied the ecological factors that give rise to tropical vegetation and classified the types of forest vegetation throughout Vietnam. According to the author, the type of forest vegetation does not depend on the flora, but the structural morphology and dynamics of different types are due to different geographical, topographic, climatic and soil conditions. New plant communities and dominance depend on the species of plants in the flora. In general, all groups of natural ecological factors participate in the process of primary succession, but each group of ecological factors plays a different role. The author divided the vegetation of Vietnam into lowland closed forests, highland closed forests, and highland dry-cold ecosystems. The lowland closed forest types are typical for areas with altitudes below 700m in the North and below 1000m in the South, including 9 types. The highland closed forest types are typical for areas with altitudes above 700m in the North and above 1000m in the South, including 3 types. The highland cold-dry ecosystem types are distributed in areas with altitudes above 2400m in the North and above 2600m.

in the South. In each of the above forest types, the author also divides them into sub-regional types, soil sub-types, and secondary sub-types. The basic classification unit of the communities is dominant and mixed.

Regarding the life forms of the flora in the regions of Vietnam, it has been evaluated in many research works of different authors. In the research work on the flora of North Vietnam, Pócs Tamás (1965) established the following spectrum of life forms (Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2004):

SB = 52.21 Ph + 40.68 (Ch, H, Cr) + 7.11 Th

The spectrum of life forms of Lam Son flora was determined by author Le Tran Chan (1990).

defined as follows:

SB = 51.3 Ph + 13.7 Ch + 17.9 H + 7.2 Cr + 9.9 Th

In his PhD thesis in agriculture (1995), author Nguyen Ba Thu identified

The spectrum of life forms of Cuc Phuong flora is as follows:

SB = 57.78 Ph + 10.46 Ch + 12.38 H + 8.37 Cr + 11.01 Th

Through the above data, we can see the spectrum of life forms of flora in similar regions, shown by the dominance of the group of plants with buds on the

Ph. land

1.2.3. Research on plant diversity in Yen Tu Special Reserve

Research on plants in Yen Tu Special Reserve has existed for a long time, but these resources have not been fully compiled and compiled. In 1963, Thai Van Trung and a team of botanists

to conduct research in the Nuoc Vang area at the foot of Yen Tu mountain. In the work "Initial research on forests in Northern Vietnam" in 1970, author Tran Ngu Phuong also mentioned research in the Northeast region of Vietnam, including Yen Tu. In addition, before the 1980s, when the Forestry University was still

Located in Bac Ma - Dong Trieu - Quang Ninh, some research of teachers and students of the University of Forestry has been conducted here.

According to the initial preliminary statistics (October 1993) of the Institute of Forestry and Forestry, in Yen Tu Special-Use Forest Area there are 428 species belonging to 121 families and 4 phyla of vascular plants. In 2002, within the framework of the Project "Project to upgrade Yen Tu Special-Use Forest into Yen Tu National Park", the Northwest Institute of Forestry and Forestry and the Department of Forest Botany, University of Forestry

investigated and counted 830 species of vascular plants belonging to 509 genera, 171 families, and 5 phyla. Of which, the Lycopodiophyta has 3 species, 2 genera, and 2 families; the Equisetophyta has 1 species, 1 genus, and 1 family; the Polypodiophyta has 20 species, 12 genera, and 10 families; the Gymnospermae has 14 species, 9 genera, and 5 families; the Angiospermae has 792, 485 genera, and 153 families.

Since then, there have been a number of studies by students of the University of Forestry.

were carried out in Yen Tu Specialized Forest Area. These studies were mainly directed towards statistical analysis of plant composition for a plant taxon such as Polypodiophyta, Gymnospermae, Lauraceae, Arecaceae, and Bambusoideae. In addition, two theses by students Tran Duy Kien and Pham Van The (2006) initially analyzed the plant diversity in the altitude zone above 700m and the altitude zone below 700m in the research area.

In general, there are not many studies on plant resources in Yen Tu Special Reserve, especially studies on plant diversity. For the above reasons, it is necessary to carry out a project to fully, comprehensively and systematically evaluate plant diversity in Yen Tu Special Reserve - Quang Ninh. The project will contribute to supplementing and perfecting the Yen Tu plant list, providing information on plant diversity in the area, as a basis for further research and management, and rational use of plant resources in the area.

Chapter 2.

Objectives, Objects, Contents and Research Methods

2.1. Research objectives

General objective : To assess the current status of vascular plant diversity in the study area as a basis for conservation work.

Specific objectives : To build a list of plants and evaluate the diversity of plants in terms of composition, life forms, plant resource value and plant dominance in the research area.

2.2. Research subjects

The research subjects of the topic are vascular plants belonging to the phyla Polypodiophyta, Gymnospermae, and Angiospermae naturally distributed in the research area.

Research location: The research location of the topic is the strictly protected subdivision of Yen Tu Special-use Forest Area , Quang Ninh.

2.3. Research content

2.3.1. Research on detecting plant components and making a list of plants in the research area

2.3.2. Assessment of taxonomic diversity of flora in Yen Tu Special Reserve

2.3.2.1. Diversity of taxa

2.3.2.2. Diversity of subphylum taxa

2.3.3. Assessment of life form diversity of flora of Yen Tu Special Reserve

2.3.4. Diversity assessment of resource value of Yen Tu special-use forest flora

2.3.4.1. Diversity in use value

2.3.4.2. Diversity of rare and threatened plant species

2.3.5. Evaluation of the diversity of forest types and plant dominance of Yen Tu special-use forest vegetation

2.4. Research methods

2.4.1. Data collection method

2.4.1.1. Preliminary investigation

Collect documents related to the research area such as: topographic maps, maps

Forest status maps, documents on natural and socio-economic conditions, scientific research reports on plants in the area.

2.4.1.2. Careful investigation

* Line survey : based on the current forest status map, survey lines are established through different ecosystems, forest states and terrain types such as mountain slopes, ridges, residential trails, main streams. On the survey lines, statistics and descriptions of plant species are conducted within a range of 10m on each side and plant samples of unknown species are collected. The survey lines are established according to standard methods. The results of the survey lines are recorded in form 01 of appendix 4. In this topic, we have surveyed the following lines:

- First route: from Giai Oan stream (working area of Yen Tu Special Reserve Management Board ) follow the main road to Hoa Yen pagoda, 1.6 km long.

- Second route: from Giai Oan Pagoda, follow the main road to the lower cable car station, then cross the stream into the forest, then out to the car road, 1 km long.

- Third route: starting from Tung street, follow the trail (under the cable car line) to the upper cable car station, 0.8 km long.

- Fourth route: from Thac Vang through Hoa Yen pagoda, to Thac Bac, to Am Hoa, Am Duoc (Tung Garden). From here, follow the trail down to Giai Oan stream. The route is 2.5 km long.

- Fifth route: from the Management Board's ticket control station (end of Giai Oan bus station)

Follow the trail up to the pine forest area, through the Yen Tu coal mine area (near Forest Protection Station No. 2) to the pine garden, Am Duoc. The route is 1 km long.

- Route 6: from the RDDD Management Board , follow the car road back to the Forest Protection Station No. 1 area, near Lan Pagoda. Route is 4 km long.

Assessment of plant diversity in Yen Tu special-use forest - Quang Ninh - 2

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