The Significance of Rational Exploitation of World Cultural Heritages for Tourism Development

culture, society, environment. It is development that makes everything better, contributing to improving the quality of life for the community.

Tourism is not only a social phenomenon but also an economic sector with the target audience being tourists. Tourism is an important factor not only for the economy but also for job creation and poverty reduction[16]. As people's income gradually increases, their living standards are increasingly improved, and they can improve their living conditions. In addition, living conditions are focused on to develop tourism.

Tourism development is a process in which state agencies, business units, and organizations work together to promote tourism development , create better conditions for tourism in a locality, create jobs, and improve the quality of life.

1.3.5.2. Criteria for evaluating tourism development

Maybe you are interested!

j Number of tourist arrivals to the locality

Through the number of tourist arrivals to a locality, the tourism development potential of that locality can be recognized. The number of tourist arrivals is determined based on the number of international tourist arrivals and the number of domestic tourist arrivals [17]. When a tourist destination has economic potential such as increased income, more savings and free time, they think of traveling to broaden their minds, learn about different cultures and admire scenic spots around the world[16]. Along with the popularization of the tourism phenomenon, the number of tourist arrivals is increasing. This is also one of the indicators that contributes to assessing the tourism development potential of a locality or region. Furthermore, based on the number of arrivals, the growth rate and the growth rate of the number of visitors can be calculated, thereby knowing how the tourism development is there. The growth rate of visitors represents the level of development, growth and scale of tourist exploitation of the locality.

Indicators selected for evaluation

- Number of visitors (including international visitors and domestic visitors)

- Growth rate of visitors

- Total number of guest days = Total number of guests X Average number of days of stay

- Growth rate of number of guest days

k Income from tourism business activities

Tourism brings increasing income to society. Tourism activities attract the participation of economic sectors and all classes of people, bringing income not only to those directly doing tourism business but also indirectly to related industries, on-site export and creating income for local communities. Tourism is a key economic sector with high inter-sectoral and inter-regional characteristics[16]. To evaluate

In addition to the number of visitors and the growth rate of the number of visitors, the income from tourism business activities as well as its growth rate also reflect the tourism development situation.

Indicators selected for evaluation

- Income from tourism business activities

- Growth rate of income from tourism business activities

l The proportion of the tourism industry's contribution to the GDP of the national economy In recent years, the contribution of the tourism industry has accounted for a proportion

significantly in the GDP of the national economy [47]. This is also the premise for future economic growth. In the process of evaluating tourism development, we can rely on the GDP growth rate (Awang et al, 2009). Therefore, we can base on this contribution rate to evaluate the development of tourism.

Indicators selected for evaluation

- GDP growth rate

- Contribution of tourism to GDP

m Increase in the scale of technical facilities serving tourism, improvement of infrastructure, diversity of tourism products

The readiness to welcome and serve the tourist area is also a factor in evaluating the development of tourism, reflected in the organization and conditions for welcoming and serving the tourist area such as accommodation facilities, restaurants, transportation units, means of transport, shops, parks, entertainment facilities, roads in the tourist area, drainage system, electricity network and communication [52]. These are the units directly responsible for taking care of the activities of receiving guests, ensuring traffic, ensuring food, accommodation, entertainment and goods serving the tourist area. Infrastructure is the material means of the whole society [52]. That is the system of roads, stations, airports, ports, railways, parks, cinemas, theaters, museums, cultural and historical values of the whole society. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the capacity of these facilities, if not properly invested, there will be no certain contribution to tourism development. Therefore, it is necessary to pay close attention to the issue of providing facilities, building and maintaining necessary technical facilities and infrastructure. Based on the current status of technical facilities and infrastructure, it is also possible to evaluate the tourism development of a region or a locality [60]. Tourist destinations that want to develop need to pay attention to creating value for the destination [71]. Creating value for the destination is based on tourism products, this is an important factor to increase the attractiveness of the destination, increase the ability to attract customers, increase tourist spending, contributing to tourism development. Tourism products are a composite product that includes many components such as seats on the plane

flights, hotel rooms, meals during the day and opportunities to admire beautiful landscapes, feel unique cultural values, enjoy fresh air, interact and learn about the life of local communities [47]. These elements help tourists have the best travel experience and satisfaction. Therefore, to enhance tourism development, destination managers need to pay attention to the local tourism product system such as historical and cultural relics, natural landscapes, environment, attitudes and behaviors of local people, entertainment facilities, technical facilities for tourism, and transportation systems [71]. The diversity and richness of the tourism product system is an important factor in assessing the development of a destination. Tourism products also enhance tourists' awareness of the image of the destination, thereby creating conditions for tourists to satisfy their travel needs to the maximum.

Indicators selected for evaluation

Number of travel agencies

Number of accommodation establishments

n Number of additional workers from tourism development

Tourism plays an important role in the economy, creating jobs and reducing unemployment (Muntean et al, 2012) [61]. Current tourism activities mainly provide services for tourists to satisfy their tourism needs, a very special need that requires human service. Therefore, the tourism industry needs a workforce in tourism [29 ]. Thousands of jobs are added each year, solving a large number of jobs for workers, reducing the unemployment rate, increasing the rate of employment, thereby contributing to improving people's lives.

Along with the development of tourism, the number of direct and indirect workers working in the tourism service sector is increasing. As the number of tourist areas increases, tourism businesses as well as related sectors such as transportation, environment, and services need more staff to ensure customer service, contributing to tourism development. The increase in the number of workers working in the tourism sector is an important factor in assessing the tourism development of a region or a country.

The selected index for evaluation:

- Number of workers in the tourism industry

1.3.6. The significance of rationally exploiting world cultural heritages for tourism development

Tourism only develops when natural resources, especially cultural natural resources, are exploited. Valuable resources will be attractive to tourists and convenient for exploitation. Therefore, it can be said that cultural natural resources are the initial factor.

to create the attraction of a tourist destination. To develop tourism in a region or a country, the presence of cultural tourism resources is indispensable. Cultural tourism resources that have unique, attractive and rare features will be tourist attractions not only in that country but also around the world [10]. When resources have extremely unique, one-of-a-kind and irreplaceable values, they become heritages recognized by UNESCO as World Cultural Heritage [26]. These heritages are extremely valuable resources in the tourism development of a country .

However, the problem here is how to make those heritages not only be interested in and loved by the majority of tourists but also be preserved by the tourists themselves and by the local authorities where the cultural heritages serve tourism. The rational exploitation of cultural heritages is put on top. Cultural heritages are exploited in the best way, contributing to introducing the unique cultural features of the country to the tourist areas of the five continents, and besides, the important thing is that these cultural heritages are always preserved to preserve for future generations, we cannot forget the future for immediate benefits, if not preserved, they will gradually decline, future generations will not have the opportunity to know the cultural quintessence of humanity as well as the historical vestiges of the nation.

The tourism trend of today's tourists does not stop at resting in luxurious restaurants, eating delicious and beautiful meals, but people also demand to visit, explore, learn about famous landscapes, especially historical and cultural relics that are always the focus of attraction for visitors. Therefore, any cultural heritage that is exploited properly will leave a good impression in the hearts of tourists, helping them have a clearer and deeper view of the cultural values that are still present, making them feel excited and want to come back next time, at the same time, reasonable exploitation will promote the tourism development of a region, a country. Putting cultural heritage into exploitation will be an essential premise leading to success in the business activities of the industry, creating conditions for socio-economic development, making tourism truly become a spearhead economic sector. The rational exploitation of these cultural heritages plays an important role in forming routes, attractions and arousing tourists' curiosity.

In addition, the reasonable exploitation of cultural heritages also helps managers have the right research in exploiting the strengths of the locality, especially the exploitation always goes hand in hand with the restoration, embellishment and protection of cultural heritages. At the same time, always pay attention to protecting the surrounding environment, creating a healthy tourism environment and having a positive influence on tourists, helping tourists always feel comfortable in enjoying the relics, creating conditions to satisfy their tourism needs. However, to exploit

In order to rationally exploit cultural heritage, an important thing to note is that exploitation must be placed in the overall development of tourism of a locality or a country, and should not be separated because it will negatively affect tourism development and cause disadvantages in the exploitation process[14]. It will make the tourism products of a locality or a country become poor, not rich, not attractive, not competitive and not attract tourists. The rational exploitation of cultural heritage is important for the sustainable development of the economy in general and of tourism in particular. Moreover, in addition to exploitation, it is necessary to know how to take advantage of existing resources and promote their unique and valuable features, which will have a positive effect on tourism activities as well as bring high socio-economic efficiency from this activity.

1.4. EXPERIENCE IN EXPLOITING WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGES IN

SOME COUNTRIES

1.4.1. Experience in exploiting world cultural heritages in China

1.4.1.1. China's tourism resources

As a large country rich in tourism potential and resources, China is famous worldwide for its scenic tourist attractions, rich, diverse and colorful ethnic customs and practices.

China ranks 99 cities with major national cultural and historical values for conservation. There are 45 tourist attractions and landscapes in China listed by UNESCO as world heritage sites, including 31 world cultural heritages, 10 world natural heritages and 4 mixed heritages. The history of China is closely linked to famous events, characters and landscapes, so cultural heritages, especially world cultural heritages, are always of special importance to tourism development here [2].

China's folk art culture is rich and diverse due to the existence of many ethnic groups living in this country. Traditional Chinese opera, acrobatics, music and dance, and painting as well as calligraphy are extremely important national tourism resources of this country. In addition, there are many world-famous festivals. There are up to 27 intangible cultural heritages listed by UNESCO. The Chinese tourism industry has created a rich and diverse infrastructure and service system to meet and serve all the needs of tourists.

China has built a relationship between the tourism industry and other relevant authorities in exploiting natural resources, creating favorable conditions for the development of national tourism. In order to effectively exploit and manage tourism resources, China has built a system of principles, standards, built a legal framework and planned local areas as a basis for development. A system of legal documents for natural resources development has been formed, which clearly stipulates the terms of management and exploitation.

TNDL, pay attention to protecting TNDL and protecting the environment. In addition, local tourism management agencies will evaluate and rank resources to facilitate the reception of visitors. Based on the evaluation and ranking of resources, planning will be made as well as regulations on tourism management will be issued [2].

1.4.1.2. Experience in exploiting the world cultural heritage of the Forbidden City

The Forbidden City or Imperial Palace is the palace of the dynasties from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in China. The area of the Forbidden City is 720,000 m², including 800 palaces and 8,886 rooms, surrounded by the imperial city. Therefore, UNESCO has classified the Forbidden City as the largest ancient wooden complex in the world and recognized as a World Heritage Site in China in 1987. The Forbidden City is located in the south of Tiananmen Square. The Forbidden City was designed by many architects and designers. This work was built from 1406 to 1424. This is the largest architectural complex with high artistic value and is the most completely preserved in Beijing. For nearly 5 centuries, it was the home of emperors and royal families, as well as the political and ceremonial center of Chinese dynasties . The Forbidden City was opened to visitors in 1912, after the abdication of the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Pu Yi. In 1925, the Palace Museum was established in the Forbidden City. Since 1961, it has been a priority protected project by the State under the designation of the State Council according to the principle of preserving cultural relics, as a result, the building and its supporting structures remain intact. Architects at home and abroad recognize that the design and architecture of the Forbidden City is a masterpiece, a criterion of China's long-standing cultural traditions, demonstrating the outstanding architectural achievements of Chinese craftsmen more than 500 years ago. The Forbidden City has been built for more than 580 years, most of the architecture is old, but in recent years the number of tourists visiting the Forbidden City has increased, with an annual tourist flow of nearly 10 million people. The government has strengthened its leadership over the tourism industry, especially in managing tourism exploitation at heritage sites. It has enacted laws for the tourism industry to exploit and use resources rationally, creating conditions for the tourism industry to develop. The government has also increased capital investment in environmental protection. In order to better preserve the Forbidden City, starting in 2003, the Chinese government began to partially and completely restore the Forbidden City. It is known that this restoration project will be carried out continuously for 20 years with a capital of up to 18 million USD. The restoration capital and experts are provided by the World Conservation Fund (WMF). The Forbidden City is a must-see destination for tourists when coming to Beijing. This area has a very large area, the distance from the entrance to the exit is 7km, but here no use of any

any means of transport to protect the heritage. In addition, the forbidden palaces for visiting are only for visitors to stand outside and look in, not to get close to avoid damaging the relics. The number of visitors to the Forbidden City is also controlled to minimize negative impacts on the heritage. Over the years, the Forbidden City has always focused on investment in restoration and protection to preserve the integrity of its resources. Through the ups and downs of time and major events, the Forbidden City still retains its inherent characteristics to this day. Regarding management organization, the Ancient House Management Board is especially responsible for the protection and management of ancient buildings inside the Forbidden City. Managers carry out tourism exploitation on the principle of using resources always combined with protection, unifying social benefits, environmental benefits and economic benefits, ensuring sustainability in tourism exploitation.

Lessons from tourism exploitation at the Forbidden City World Heritage Site: Always focus on exploiting while protecting and maintaining precious resources of humanity. The restoration, embellishment and protection of heritage is of primary concern, taking advantage of capital provided by international organizations. Exploitation does not negatively affect resources, minimizing direct contact between visitors and resources. Always focus on protecting the environment to ensure tourism development, do not use means of transport in the heritage site despite its large area.

1.4.1.3. Exploiting the world cultural heritage of Summer Palace

The Summer Palace or Summer Palace - is a palace built during the Qing Dynasty, located 15 km northwest of Beijing. The Summer Palace (literally "garden that nurtures harmony") is still well preserved today. It is famous for its traditional Chinese garden art. The Summer Palace has a long history with many names, such as Jinshan Palace and Qingyi Garden. The Summer Palace is a park located in the west of Beijing, covering an area of about 290 hectares, of which 3/4 is water surface. This is a famous entertainment area reserved for the royal family of Chinese dynasties. To this day, the Summer Palace is still considered one of the most beautiful parks in the world and a masterpiece of landscape garden design. The Summer Palace is

UNESCO recognized it as a World Heritage Site in 1998 (1) . Two areas outside the palace

form an effective buffer zone according to the guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. This is a priceless asset of China, the State has issued the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Law on Environmental Protection to preserve the resources for tourism. The overall management is the responsibility of the Bureau of Cultural Relics and the Ministry of Construction. The exploitation of this work for tourism is assigned to the Beijing Municipal Government. The Summer Palace Management Board is assigned to coordinate with the municipal government and the Bureau of Cultural Relics to develop programs for the conservation of buildings, lakes and

related water systems and the vegetation of the palace. The conservation programs implemented all use materials and techniques that are consistent with the original design to ensure authenticity. Through the exploitation process, which always goes hand in hand with protection, the Summer Palace is faithfully preserved. The capital for conservation investment is mainly from ticket sales for works that need to be restored on a small scale, and on a large scale, it is carried out through projects with the approval of competent agencies and organizations and implemented by the state budget. In addition, construction around this work is always restricted to avoid losing its aesthetic beauty, planning is always an urgent matter. The total number of staff at the summer palace is 1,500 people doing many different jobs, mainly local residents, of which 30% are tour guides at the heritage, this is the core force contributing to increasing the number of visitors to the heritage, this force is always supplemented, updated knowledge to improve professional qualifications. Encourage people to sell goods in the tourist area and must ensure the quality of goods. If a point of sale does not comply with the regulations, it will be fined or banned from doing business, a yellow sign will be hung in front of the store, when customers see the yellow sign, they will not come in to buy anymore, in addition, sellers are not allowed to solicit customers, force customers to buy goods.

Lessons from tourism exploitation at the Summer Palace: Establish an agency responsible for exploiting world cultural heritage to serve tourism development. Have effective resource conservation programs to ensure the integrity of resources. Use local human resources, train staff so they can participate in tourism activities, pay attention to the qualifications of tour guides. Part of the revenue from ticket sales to invest in the restoration and renovation of heritage. Pay attention to ensuring benefits for people in the heritage area.

1.4.2. Experience in exploiting world cultural heritages in Thailand

1.4.2.1. Thailand's tourism resources

Thailand, with a total area of 513,115 km2 and over 54 million people, is geographically close to China and India, resulting in a mixture and influence in culture. Among Southeast Asian countries, Thailand is the only country that has never been colonized by any country, so its unique culture has been maintained and developed throughout 700 years of independence.

The total number of tourism resources in Thailand is identified as 2,579, including 1,386 natural tourism resources, and 1,193 cultural tourism resources. Natural tourism resources are mainly waterfalls, beaches, mountains, national parks, caves, and parks. Cultural tourism resources are temples, ancient structures, and ancient architecture as well as cultural centers, museums, castles, and ancient houses. Each type of natural and human tourism resources is ranked

Comment