Viewpoints on Developing Forms of Territorial Production Organization in the Mekong Delta in a Sustainable Direction

fairly stable, regular free technical training, disaster relief, participation in community meetings.

However, this form still has some shortcomings such as the purchasing system of the companies is not clear and transparent, the depreciation rate is high, the purchasing price is low due to market instability, so the contracts are easily broken when the market price changes. If the price is low, tea growers are forced to weigh and lower the price, when the price is high, people often break the contract and sell to the free market to get higher profits. That is the main reason why most farmers in Thai Nguyen province terminate their contracts with the factory. Only farmers who sign contracts with foreign-invested companies such as Phu Ben and Phu Da factories, because the price is adjusted in the contract and they are given land to grow tea, they continue to sign the contract.

+ For non-affiliated production households (independent production households) compared to employee households and contract households, they are much more flexible. They have to face and adapt to changes in the market, they can sell fresh raw tea or can process green tea with a low deduction rate. Moreover, they have certificates of land use rights for tea cultivation, so it is easy to borrow capital from banks to invest in production. Currently, this form is developing strongly thanks to the growth of the private enterprise sector.

However, this form of production still has limitations: because households are often in remote, mountainous areas, far from the center, the ability to access the market is limited, households depend heavily on buyers and processing facilities. Production conditions are difficult, due to small, scattered tea growing areas, lack of knowledge, lack of capital for investment, so the quality of tea of households is always low, leading to low income from tea production. Independent production households are also disadvantaged compared to other groups because they do not enjoy social welfare benefits such as pensions, health insurance, and subsidies in case of natural disasters.

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+ The cooperative form, the establishment of a cooperative is to mobilize individuals into an organization, aiming at the goal of higher income. Although the majority of cooperatives have just converted from old-style cooperatives to new-style cooperatives or established new ones, member households still benefit by selling tea on the free market at a higher price. Compared to worker households, cooperative members have the advantage of having a certificate of land use rights for tea growing land, so they can mortgage it to borrow capital from banks as well as rotate capital for the cooperative.

However, the current worrying problem of the cooperative system is that because it has just been established or converted, and is still influenced by the old cooperative model, in general, the cooperative economic form of the region has very little experience in trading and selling in the market, lacks management experience, and the support to its members is very limited. Cooperative members are always in a state of lack of capital and land, which is the reason for small production scale and low income.

+ The farm economic form is the form that has overcome most of the limitations of the three forms of tea production territorial organization analyzed. Farm owners have knowledge, qualifications and experience in tea production. They have land, capital and can borrow from banks to invest in production. However, in reality, farms often lack labor, the level of production organization is still weak, so income is unstable and depends heavily on the market.

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY

1. The thesis analyzed the current status of the forms of territorial organization of tea production from two perspectives, which are horizontal and vertical research of the territory.

Analysis of horizontal territorial organization forms shows that the current planning and implementation of planning for specialized tea growing areas in the Red River Delta region is not reasonable, tea production areas are not linked to the planning for the development of the processing industry and the consumption market for tea products has not been determined.

products of each locality; infrastructure in the tea growing areas of the region is still weak, lacking and not uniform; Investment capital and support for tea production in the region, although not much, have contributed to positive changes in the forms of territorial organization of tea production in the region, tea producers have proactively invested in the direction of better quality and efficiency.

Analysis of the forms of territorial organization vertically is to consider the participation of the forms of tea production organization in the tea industry value chain of the region. From this analysis, it can be seen that the income distribution in the tea industry value chain of the region is not fair, the processing facilities have a very large proportion of added value in income of up to 55.2%, the households producing raw tea have high costs, but the added value in income is very low, only 2.6% of the total income of the chain.

2. The thesis topic has analyzed the main factors affecting the forms of territorial organization of tea production: natural conditions directly affecting tea production are the region's land, weather, climate, temperature, humidity. It can be affirmed that the region's natural conditions are very suitable for the development of tea production;

Tea production is also influenced by knowledge and experience in production and processing products. Local people in the region have a lot of experience in farming on sloping land and manually processing many types of agricultural products, including tea products. In addition, the ethnic minority people have backward production and intellectual levels, and farming practices that rely heavily on nature have caused certain obstacles to the development of tea production in the region;

Management knowledge and human resources, for ethnic minorities in the Northeast region of the North, this factor is still very limited, because the educational level is too low, with traditional and backward farming methods, the labor force of the region has a young structure, the population structure of the region is not distributed reasonably, the quality

is still low, causing common difficulties for the region such as creating pressure on society in education - training, job creation, living needs, affecting the sustainable development of the tea industry in the region.

Techniques and technology in production and processing, in reality, the rate of application of new techniques and technologies is still low, and there is a lack of investment capital. This is a major problem that tea growers and production support agents need to focus on overcoming.

Public investment and public services contribute to the creation of tea production areas, and the forms of tea production organization in the region always receive close cooperation from scientists and research agencies in the transfer and application of scientific and technical advances in intensive tea cultivation such as the transfer of new varieties and intensive winter tea cultivation techniques. However, this relationship is still heavily supported by the Government, lacking the contribution of beneficiaries, which are enterprises and tea growers.

Product consumption market: the region's competitive capacity is still low, while it is facing increasingly fierce competition. Therefore, the Red River Delta region needs to improve its competitive capacity and invest in expanding the domestic and foreign tea market.

3. Through analyzing the current status of the development of the forms of territorial organization of tea production in the Red River Delta, a number of issues that need to be resolved have been raised, such as: Raw tea production is currently mainly carried out by households with small production areas, old varieties, unsuitable cultivation methods, limited investment capital capacity, especially investment in infrastructure, and difficult access to loans; In the processing stage, there are too many processing facilities, so the total processing capacity of many industrial processing plants exceeds the supply capacity of the raw material area, leading to unfair competition and waste of the region's resources; Regarding the issue of consumption and export of tea products in the region, there are still many difficulties.

Chapter 4

SOME SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP FORMS OF TEA PRODUCTION TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION IN THE NORTHEAST REGION IN THE DIRECTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

4.1. PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPING FORMS OF ORGANIZING PRODUCTION TERRITORIES IN THE RIVERSIDE REGION IN A SUSTAINABLE DIRECTION

Sustainable development of territorial organization forms for tea production in the Northeast region must be based on the following main viewpoints:

4.1.1. Tea production development always closely follows market demand

The reality of tea production in the Northeast region shows that in recent years, tea production has been oriented towards the market. However, the production and consumption of tea products have not been proactive, and still depend heavily on market demand. The important thing is that producers must answer the questions: what to produce, how much? How to produce? and for whom?, that is, they must calculate what types of tea to produce, how much, how to process and where to consume. To clarify these issues, it is necessary to solve the following problems:

Developing forms of territorial organization of tea production must be done on the basis of understanding and exploiting the needs, tastes, preferences and consumption trends of tea products in domestic and foreign markets. Understanding this issue is of decisive significance in setting out policies and directions for investment in production management, selecting new varieties, and organizing support services to build a plan for tea production areas.

Aiming to develop commodity production that is competitive enough with tea production areas in the country and internationally. To compete well, it requires macroeconomic policies such as infrastructure investment policies, financial policies, etc.

government, currency, etc. From there, choose to develop highly effective forms of territorial organization for tea production, gradually forming large-scale concentrated production areas.

Developing territorial organization forms for tea production in the Northeast region must pay full attention to the positive aspects and limitations of the market economy, accelerate the process of social division of labor, and expand international economic relations. Encourage the participation of all economic sectors, in order to have territorial organization forms that are suitable to the requirements of the market economy.

4.1.2. Perspective based on regional comparative advantage

The provinces of the Northeastern region have large and diverse land potential, with favorable weather and climate conditions. Therefore, the potential and advantages of the region are reflected in the strengths of developing industrial crops, fruit trees, food crops, etc., which are especially favorable for growing and developing tea production. Therefore, when planning the development of production organization forms according to the territory, it is necessary to base on the resources of the region, clearly identify the strengths and weaknesses, and the ability to concentrate and specialize in the production of tea. The goal is to exploit market opportunities, exploit the comparative advantages of each locality, and ensure high efficiency in production.

Developing the forms of territorial organization of tea production in the Northeast region must bring about socio-economic efficiency for the whole region and the whole national economy, ensuring both national interests and the interests of workers. That means that the forms of territorial organization of tea production must bring about profits, contribute to job creation, improve the living standards of the people in the region, and satisfy the tea consumption needs of the people in the region and other regions in the country, as well as export needs, contributing to political stability and social development.

4.1.3. Pay attention to the Government's public investment work

Government public investment plays a role as a “midwife” for the development of the private sector and creates a favorable environment for private investment.

If the Government's public investment sector operates effectively, it will help form concentrated, highly specialized tea production areas. That is, in places where raw material areas have been formed, but there is no processing industry, the Government needs to have policies to encourage the development of the tea processing industry in a synchronous manner. In places where tea processing facilities have been built, but there is no raw material area, or the raw materials are not enough for processing requirements, and must be transported from a distance, the Government needs to invest in transportation infrastructure and some support services to help develop raw material areas in a balanced manner, suitable to processing capacity. In places where raw material areas and tea processing technology have been formed, but there is a lack of some supporting industries, the Government needs to support the development of these missing industries in a synchronous manner so that the reproduction process can be carried out more effectively.

According to this point of view, the solution to develop territorial organization forms for tea production needs to take advantage of existing infrastructure advantages and rely on comparative advantages in geographical location for more sustainable development.

4.1.4. Sustainable development perspective

The sustainable development perspective is currently an overarching perspective in economic development. Sustainable development of the forms of territorial organization of tea production in the Northeast region of the North requires a synchronous and effective combination of potentials and resources, as well as attention to environmental protection issues.

Developing forms of territorial organization for tea production ensures the most reasonable use of the region's land fund, on the one hand implementing continuous and increasingly intensive cultivation, on the other hand expanding new planting areas, combining intercropping with other crops.

short-term crops, green manure crops, shade trees. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent erosion, improve land use efficiency, and actively contribute to the task of reforesting bare land and hills in the region.

The process of organizing territorial tea production forms must be carried out to assess environmental impacts, protect biodiversity, and minimize environmental damage. Developing territorial tea production forms must simultaneously contribute to job creation, improve the quality of life of tea producers, effectively solve social problems, and create strong motivation for production development and environmental protection.

4.2. ORIENTATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF FORMS OF TEA PRODUCTION TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION IN THE RADICAL DELTA

4.2.1. Orientation for socio-economic development of the Red River Delta region

Maximize internal advantages and resources combined with strong attraction and effective use of external resources (including central support capital, from domestic and foreign investors); at the same time, expand markets and increase export capacity to promote the region's economy to develop rapidly, effectively and sustainably.

Focus on key investments in industries and fields with comparative advantages in the region and each sub-region; fundamentally transform traditional, natural production and business methods into commodity production methods according to market mechanisms, creating breakthroughs and fundamental changes in the economic structure towards industrialization and rapid accumulation.

Linking short-term development with long-term development, taking industrial development as a driving force contributing to growth, linking the Northeast region in the overall relationship with the provinces in the Northern key economic region and the Red River Delta region on the basis of maximizing comparative advantages in terms of geo-economic location, maximizing exploitation of border economic zones to restructure the economy.

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