CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Maybe you are interested!
-
Current Status of Organizing Activities to Build Safe Schools and Prevent Accidents and Injuries for Children in Kindergartens -
Results of Intervention to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HBV Using Health Education for Mothers and Children at Hai Phong Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital -
Studies on Measures to Prevent and Control Small Liver Flukes -
Current Status of Human Rights Protection Through Measures to Prevent Restrictions on Freedoms as Prescribed by the Criminal Procedure Code -
Effect of 25% Concentration of White Eucalyptus Bark and Leaf Extract on Fungi
1. After 5 weeks of experiment, the number of red blood cells in pangasius fed food supplemented with astragalus was statistically higher than the number of red blood cells in pangasius fed food not supplemented with astragalus. The number of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes all increased gradually over the weeks of the experiment, highest in the treatments supplemented with astragalus and combined with vaccination.
2. After infection, the number of red blood cells, total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets in experimental fish decreased, but the number of neutrophils and monocytes increased statistically significantly. In the experiments fed with Astragalus, these hematological indicators were higher than those of fish not fed Astragalus (p<0.05).
3. The lysozyme content in the serum of fish after 5 weeks of experiment fed with Astragalus supplemented feed was higher than that of fish fed with feed without Astragalus supplement. The lysozyme content in the serum of fish after infection was lower than before infection, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
4. The bactericidal ability of the serum of fish supplemented with Astragalus was higher than that of fish not supplemented with Astragalus. Fish fed with Astragalus-supplemented feed and vaccinated had no difference in the bactericidal ability of the serum compared to fish only supplemented with Astragalus, but the difference was statistically significant compared to fish fed with normal feed (p<0.05).
5. The mortality rate of fish due to E.ictaluri infection was lowest in the treatment of feeding Astragalus and vaccination.
5.2 Recommendations
- Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of Astragalus through some immune indicators such as: determining complement content and O2- producing ability .
- Continue to study the possibility of using Astragalus in preventing hemorrhagic disease, white liver and white gill disease in pangasius. Study the combination of Astragalus with Ganoderma lucidum or Astragalus with turmeric in preventing disease in pangasius.
REFERENCES
Ardó.L., G.Yin, Pao Xu, L.Váradi, G.Szigeti, Z.Jeney and G.Jeney, 2008. Chinese herbs ( Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica ) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila . Aquaculture 275 (2008) 26–33
Balasundaram.C.and Harikrishnan.R, 2009. Immunomodulatory effect of Andrographis paniculata on Asian Catfish, Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila . Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 61 (2009): 293-294
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010. Report on the implementation results of the plan for September and the first 9 months of 2010 of the agriculture and rural development sector. http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/Lists/appsp01_statistic/Attachments/32/baocao_9_2 010_final.pdf.
Bui Quang Te, Le Xuan Thanh, Ngo Dai Quang and Luu Hoang Ngoc, 2006a. Research results on preparations (VTS1-C and VTS1-T) extracted from herbs for disease prevention and treatment for tiger shrimp and catfish. Institute of Aquaculture 1.
Bui Quang Te, 2001. Parasites of some freshwater fish species in the Mekong Delta and solutions for their prevention and control. Doctoral thesis.
Bui Quang Te, 2003. Diseases of farmed shrimp and prevention and treatment measures. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi. Page 70-71
Bui Quang Te, 2006. Technology for raising tra and basa fish to ensure food hygiene. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi. 72 pages
Bui Quang Te, 2006a. Technology for raising tra and basa fish to ensure food hygiene and safety. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi. 72 pages
Bui Quang Te, 2006b. Technology for raising black tiger shrimp to ensure food hygiene and safety. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi. 90 pages
Caruso.D, O.Schlumberger, C.Dalm and JDProteau, 2002. Plasma lysozyme levels in sheatsish Silurus glanis subjected to stress and experimental infection with Edwardsiella tarda . Aquaculture Research, 33:999-1008.
Citarasu.T, V.Sivaram, G.Immanuel, N.Rout and V.Murugan, 2006. Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to
haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 21 (2006) 372-384
Crasta.PJ, NSRaviraja and KRSridhar, 1997. Antimicirobial activity of some marine algae of the Southwest coast of India. Indian Journal Marine Sciences, 26 (2) 201-205
Crumlish.M, Tung.VT, Thanh.PC, Koesling.J. and Gravningen.K, 2008. Characterization of Vietnamese Edwardsiella ictaluri islates recovered from farmed Striped Catfish ( Pangasinodon hypophthalmus ). Handbook and Abstracts Catfish Aquaculture in Asia: Present status and challenges for sustainable development at Can Tho University Can Tho city, Vietnam December 5-7, 2008
Chau Hong Thuy, 2008. Survey on the occurrence of liver abscess caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria in intensively farmed catfish in Tra Vinh province. Master's thesis in Aquaculture, Can Tho University. 75 pages
Dang Thi Hoang Oanh and Nguyen Truc Phuong, 2008. Development and application of polymerase chain reaction technique for detection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish ( Pangasianodon hypopthamus ). Handbook and Abstracts Catfish Aquaculture in Asia: Present status and challenges for sustainable development at Can Tho University Can Tho city, Vietnam December 5-7, 2008
Dang Thi Hoang Oanh and Nguyen Thanh Phuong, 2008. Emergence of bacterial diseases caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish ( Pangasianodon hyphthalmus) farming in The Mekong river delta, Vietnam. Handbook and Abstracts Catfish Aquaculture in Asia: Present status and challenges for sustainable development at Can Tho University Can Tho city, Vietnam December 5-7, 2008
Doan Nhat Phuong, 2007. Non-specific immune responses towards ascorbic acid supplementation in hydrid catfish ( clarias gariepinus x c. macrocephalus ) feed. Master's thesis, University of Terengganu Malaysia, 142 pp.
Dügenci, SK; Arda, N; Candan, A. 2003, Some medicinal plants as immunostimulants for fish. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88 (2003) 99-106.
Duong Cong Chinh and Dong An Thuy, 2009. Development of Pangasius farming in the Mekong Delta and environmental issues that need to be solved. Center for Environmental Research and Treatment
Water. Southern Institute of Water Resources Research. http://www.vncold.vn/Web/Content.aspx?distid=1952. Updated on July 24, 2009
Dang Thi Hoang Oanh, Doan Nhat Phuong and Nguyen Thanh Phuong. 2002. Determination of LD50 and testing of vaccine against bacterial disease ( Aeromonas hydrophila ) on carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Can Tho University level project
Dang Thi Hoang Oanh, Doan Nhat Phuong, Nguyen Minh Hau and Nguyen Thanh Phuong, 2004. Establishing a collection of bacteria resistant to the antibiotic Chloramphenicol at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Can Tho University. Journal of Scientific Research 2004: 2 76-81. Can Tho University
Dang Thi Hoang Oanh, 2005. Determination of antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from aquaculture systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Scientific Research 2005: 4 xy. Can Tho University.
Dang Thuy Mai Thy, 2010. Study on pathogenicity of Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria in catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ). Master's thesis. Faculty of Aquaculture, Can Tho University. 83 pages
Do Tat Loi and Nguyen Xuan Dung, 1991. Native drugs of Vietnam: which radical and scientific approaches. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 32, Issues 1-3, April 1991, Pages 51-56
Do Tat Loi, 2004. Vietnamese medicinal plants and herbs, Hanoi Medical Publishing House, pp. 831-833, pp. 887-889.
Harikrishman. R et al , 2010. Herbal supplementation diets on hematology and innate immunity in goldfish against Aeromonas hydrophila . Fish & Shellfish Immunology 28 (2010) 354-361.
Harikrishnan.R. and C.Balasundaram, 2009. Protective effect of probiotics enriched diet and tri-herbal dip treatment on haematological and biochemical profiles of goldfish, Carassius auratus and common carp, Cyprinus carpio artificially infected with Aeromonas hydrophila . Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 61 (2009): 293
Harikrishnan.R., MNRani and C.Balasundaram, 2003. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio , following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture 221 (2003) 41–50
Huynh Kim Dieu, 2010. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants in the Mekong Delta on catfish. Can Tho University Science Journal
, No. 15b/2010, pp. 222-229.
Huynh Thi Tu, Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Frédéric Silvestre, Caroline Douny, Chau Tai Tao, Guy Maghuin-Rogister, and Patrick Kestemont, 2006. Survey on the use of drugs and chemicals in shrimp farming and the residues of Enrofloxacin and Furazolidone in black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ). Journal of Scientific Research 2006: 70-78. Can Tho University.
Immanuel.G., VCVincybai, V.Sivaram, A.Palavesam and M.P.Marian. 2004. Effect of butanolic extracts from terrestrial herbs and seaweeds on the survival, growth and pathogen ( Vibrio parahaemolyticus ) load on shrimp Penaeus indicus juveniles. Aquaculture 236 (2004): 53-65
Jeney, G and Jeney. Zs, 2002. Application of immunostimulants for modulation of the non-specific defense mechanisms in sturgeon hybrid: Acipenser ruthenus x
A. baerii . J.Appl. Ichthyol 18 (2002), 416-419
Jian.J and Z.Wu, 2003. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Aquaculture 218 (2003):1 –9
Jian.J and Z.Wu, 2004. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity of Jian Carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 16 (2004) 185–191
Kimbrell. A, T. Letterman, 2005. The catch with seafood – Human health impacts of drugs and chemicals used by the aquaculture industry. Center for Food safety. Pages 37
Khoi.DP, Hao.VN, Sang.VN, Vu.TN, Tam.QN, Ngan.HN, Thu.DN,
Hien.TN and Nga.TNH, 2008. The initial study on disease resistance of Mekong river Catfish ( Pangasinodon hypophthalmus ) to the enteric septicemia of Catfish (ESC) disease. Handbook and Abstracts Catfish Aquaculture in Asia: Present status and challenges for sustainable development at Can Tho University Can Tho city, Vietnam December 5-7, 2008
Le Anh Tuan, 2007. Treatment of freshwater fish pond wastewater using constructed wetlands. Proceedings of the Workshop on Management and Treatment of Aquaculture Ponds. Department of Natural Resources and Environment of An Giang, Long Xuyen. June 2007.
Le Anh Tuan, 2008. Water for aquaculture in multi-purpose irrigation planning strategy in the Mekong Delta. Science Journal 2008 (2): 205-209. Can Tho University.
Le Anh Tuan, 2009. Characteristics of the meteorological and hydrological regime in the Mekong Delta. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/the-loai-khac/dac-diem-che-do-khi-tuong-thuy-van- vung-dong-bang-song-cuu-long.6953.html. Updated: 17/03/2009
Le Thi Hue, 2006. Use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture. http://www.ria1.org/modules/pddownloads/singlefile.php?cid=30&lid=252.
Updated date: 12/22/2006
Le Thi Nga, Nguyen Huu Thinh, Le Thanh Hung, 2009. Evaluation of the effect of Nutribull product on growth and improvement of health status of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus . Proceedings of the National Aquaculture Science Conference, November 19, 2009. 139-149
Luong Duc Pham, 2001. Microbiology and food safety and hygiene. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 423 pages (291-296)
Luong Thi Diem Trang, 2009. Effects of malachite green on physiology, biochemistry and persistence on catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ). Master's thesis. Faculty of Aquaculture, Can Tho University. 76 pages.
Ly Thi Thanh Loan et al., 2006. Initial detection of Clostridium sp. infection in catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultured in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. National Center for Environmental Monitoring, Warning and Prevention of Aquatic Diseases in the Southern Region, Aquaculture Research Institute II.
Mai Van Tai, Tong Hoai Nam, Nguyen Huu Nghia, Chu Duy Thinh, Doan Thanh Loan, Do Thi Dieu, Le Van Khoi, Nguyen Van Khanh, Vo Van Binh, Ly Thi Thanh Loan, Ma Tu Lan, Pham Van Tinh, Nguyen Quynh Van, Nguyen Thanh Binh, Le Thi Hue and Bui Thi Hang, 2004. Investigation and assessment of the current status of drugs, chemicals and biological products used in aquaculture to propose management solutions. Ministry-level project, Ministry of Fisheries
Muniruzzaman.M. and MBRChowdhury, 2004. Sensitivity of fish pathogenic Bacteria to various medicinal herbs. Bangladesh Society for Veterinary Medicine (2004) 2 (1): 75-82
NACA, 2008. Better management practices for catfish aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture Asia Magazine, Volume XIII No. 1, January-March 2008. ISSN 0859-600X.
Nguyen Chinh, 2005. Evaluation of the use of drugs and chemicals in intensive farming of catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) in An Giang and Can Tho. Master's thesis in Aquaculture, Can Tho University.
Nguyen Hoang Nam Kha, Samira Sarter, Thierry Legavre and Didier Montet, 2005. Study on characteristics of symbiotic bacteria in farmed fish in Vietnam and antibiotic resistance. Journal of Agricultural and Forestry Science and Technology, 2005(2&3): 115-123
Nguyen Huu Duc, 2007. Investigation of the use of chemicals and biological products in environmental management of intensive black tiger shrimp ponds in Ben Tre, Soc Trang and Bac Lieu. Master's thesis in aquaculture. 2007. Can Tho University.
Nguyen Huu Thinh and Truong Thanh Loan, 2007. Isolation and investigation of antibiotic resistance characteristics of Edwardsiella ictaluri causing pyogenic liver and kidney disease in pangasius, Pangasinodon hypophthalmus , intensively farmed. Journal of Agricultural and Forestry Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Agriculture and Forestry, No. 1 and 2/2007. Pages 175-179
Nguyen Thi Thuy Lieu, Bui Thi Bich Hang, Dang Thi Hoang Oanh, 2009. Study on the changes of non-specific immune factors in Pangasinodon hypophthalmus cultured with Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria . Proceedings of the National Aquaculture Science Conference, November 19, 2009, pp. 202-211.
Nguyen Manh Hung, 2008. Application of Neem extract and trace minerals in aquaculture http://www.vienthuysan2.com/index.php?do=news&act=detail&id=129. Updated: October 10, 2008
Nguyen Phu Son, 2007. Research on tra and basa fish market in the Mekong Delta. Can Tho University Science Journal, No. 08, 2007, pp. 28-37
Nguyen Quoc Thinh, Tu Thanh Dung and Ferguson HW, 2004. Histopathological study of Pangasius hypophthalmus with white liver disease. Can Tho University Journal of Science, Aquaculture 2004: 120-125.
Nguyen Quoc Thinh, 2006. Investigation and evaluation of the impact of using drugs and chemicals during the farming process on the disease situation of catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) raised in cages. Can Tho University level project.
Nguyen Thi Hien, 2009. Application of Knock-Out Gen technique in research to create vaccine to prevent liver and kidney disease in Tra fish. Institute of Aquaculture 2. Updated: February 10, 2009
Nguyen Thi Van Thai, Nguyen Minh Phuc, Ngo Thi Kim, Nguyen Kim Do and Luu Thi Dung, 2006. Discussion on the potential of preventing and treating infectious diseases with herbal antibiotics in aquaculture. http://www.ria1.org/modules/PDdownloads/orderby=dateD&start=20. Updated: June 27, 2006
Nguyen Thien Nam, 2010. Study on multidrug resistance of E.ictaluri bacteria causing disease in catfish ( Pangasinodon hypophthalmus ). Can Tho University Science Journal Volume: 14b-2010. 200-210.
Pachanawan.A., P.Phumkhachorn, and P.Rattanachaikunsopon, 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava Supplemented Fish Diets in Controlling Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering Vol. 106, No. 5, 419–424. 2008
Pham Dinh Khoi, 2009. Evaluation of the feasibility of selecting catfish breeds based on the trait of resistance to liver and kidney pus disease. http://www.vienthuysàn.com/index.php. Updated 10/02/2009.
Pham Thanh Liem, A. B Abol-Munafi, M. A Ambak, SS Siraj and Doan Nhat Phuong, 2008. Disease resistance of hybrid catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus x C.gariepinus ) F1 generation and post-F1 hybrids to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria . Can Tho University Journal of Science 2008 (2): 196-204
Pham Van Thu, 2006. Use of Vaccines in Aquaculture. http://www.ria1.org/modules/pddownloads/singlefile.php?cid=30&lid=251. Updated December 22, 2006.
Phan Xuan Thanh, Nguyen Duc Manh, Bui Lai, Nguyen Viet Tu, Nguyen Thi My Thanh, 2003. The possibility of using biological active substances to replace toxic chemicals and antibiotics in the field of aquaculture. Collection of Mekong River fisheries (special issue). Scientific report of the national scientific research conference