University Graduation Thesis, Master's Thesis, Doctoral Thesis

1.1.2. University graduation thesis, Master's thesis, Doctoral thesis

In addition to the above works, there are also doctoral and master's theses that also mention the economic restructuring process of the whole country or some localities.

- The doctoral thesis: " Transforming the economic structure of Hanoi capital to 2020" by author Nguyen Dinh Duong has deeply analyzed the process of economic restructuring of Hanoi capital through many periods from 1954 onwards and from 1954 to present. Thereby, the author pointed out the clear changes in each economic sector, economic components operating in the economic structure of Hanoi capital. At the same time, pointed out the achievements and limitations of the economic restructuring process of the capital to propose solutions to promote the economic restructuring process of the capital to 2020 in particular and contribute to Vietnam's economic growth in general.

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There are many research works on the process of economic restructuring in Vietnam and other localities; while the theoretical and practical research process on the economic restructuring in Tuyen Quang province is still slow and weak in many aspects; there are no optimal and synchronous solutions for the process of economic restructuring in the province. Therefore, the author's research on economic restructuring in Tuyen Quang province is appropriate, independent and non-duplicated.

1.2. Theoretical and practical basis of industry economic structure and industry economic structure transformation

1.2.1. Industry economic structure

Every economy is formed by many different elements and parts. These elements and parts have an organic dialectical relationship that constantly moves in specific natural and social conditions associated with a certain space and time, expressed both qualitatively and quantitatively, in accordance with the movement and development trend of the economy. The totality of these elements and parts and their organic dialectical relationship determine an economic structure.

Main content of economic structure:

- Industry structure (considered in terms of division of labor by industry)

- Regional structure (considered from the perspective of division of labor by territory or by region or also known as by geographical space.)

- Economic structure (based on ownership relations)

- Economic and technical structure (in terms of technical level)

- Import-export structure (shows the openness of the economy to the world)

- In addition, in the process of economic development, economic structure is also studied and considered according to the distribution of labor resources in the economy (labor structure), according to the potential for future economic growth (investment structure), according to scale (scale structure), according to management decentralization (central economic structure, local economic structure), closed economic structure, open economic structure.

The economic structure of the sector is a basic component of the national economy. This is the synthesis of the sectors (fields) of the economy arranged

according to a certain proportional correlation. In other words, the economic structure of the industry shows the quantity and proportion of the industries (fields) that make up the economy.

From an industry perspective, economic structure is considered in three main aspects:

* First, the structure according to three major industry groups

This is the way of classifying sectors according to the System of National Accounts (SNA). In this way, economic sectors are divided into three large groups: 1. Agriculture, 2. Industry - construction, 3. Services. Each sector is grouped by enterprises with similar economic and technical characteristics, the sector exists at different levels. Primary sector, secondary sector or sub-sector of secondary sector. Primary sectors or large sectors combined together form the sectoral structure of the economy. Sub-sectors combined together form the internal structure of large sectors.

This is also the approach used to analyze the economic structure of the industry in this thesis.

* Second, the structure is based on two groups of agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (based on the method and technology of creating products). The more developed the non-agricultural sector is and the larger its proportion in the economy, the higher the level of economic development. According to economists, when non-agricultural sectors account for about 85% of social labor and more than 80% of GDP, that country is considered developed.

* Third, the structure is based on two groups of industries producing material products and producing service products (based on the nature of the final product). The group of material production industries is a synthesis of industries that produce material wealth to serve human life, which is where social products are created. The group of industries

Intangible production is a synthesis of service industries serving production and social life.

1.2.2. Shifting the economic structure of the industry

1.2.2.1. Concept

The transformation of the economic structure of a sector is the process of changing the economic structure from one state to another, which is increasingly more complete and more suitable to the environment and development conditions of the economy. The process of transforming the economic structure of a sector can introduce new sectors (new products and services) or eliminate sectors (products and services) that are no longer suitable, or can shift in the direction of increasing or decreasing the proportion of a certain sector (product or service). It is the process of transforming from an outdated and unreasonable economic structure to a reasonable economic structure, perfecting and supplementing the old structure, in order to turn the old structure into a new, modern and more suitable structure. Such a change is not simply a change in the number of sectors and the proportion of each sector, but also includes changes in the position and nature of the relationship within the sector.

1.2.2.2. The inevitability of the economic restructuring of the industry

A reasonable sectoral economic structure must reflect the impact and be consistent with objective development laws. The role of the subjective factor is through an increasingly profound understanding of those laws, people analyze and evaluate different, sometimes contradictory, development trends to find the most effective structural change options in the specific conditions of the country. Any subjective, hasty or conservative intention in creating structural change often leads to no small disasters for the cause of economic development.

The economic structure of a sector is historical and social in nature; therefore, it is always changing in association with the continuous development of the elements that make up the structure. The economy only develops when balanced relationships are established between the parts of the social reproduction process - the proportions of the social division of labor. The existence of a common requirement for quantity may be common to all forms of production, but the general principles in the content, quality, and implementation of those proportions differ. That difference is determined by the specific economic laws of each mode of production, first of all by the basic economic law of that mode of production. Even within similar socio-economic forms existing in different countries, there are still differences in the form of economic structure, determined by socio-economic conditions. Therefore, the economic structure of the industry is always changing, associated with the constant change and development of the elements and parts of the economy and of internal relationships.

To reveal the objective inevitability of the economic structural shift, it is necessary to consider some of the following regular shifting trends:

Firstly; the economic structure changes from a natural economic structure to a commodity production economic structure. An economy with a simple structure to an economy with complex linkages and at a higher level. This is the result of the development of productive forces and the division of social labor at a high level. In the current context of globalization, taking advantage of absolute advantages and comparative advantages to shift the economic structure in this direction has been chosen by many countries.

Second, the proportion of production value and labor in industry and services increased in GDP, while the proportion of production value and labor in

agriculture declines. The reasons: on the one hand, when income increases, spending on essential goods such as food decreases in relation to spending on industrial products and services. Therefore, the demand for industrial products and services will grow faster than the demand for agricultural products. On the other hand, due to limited arable land and the biological characteristics of crops and livestock, agriculture develops more slowly than industry.

Third; the economic structure shifts towards product diversification. Due to increasing income and increasing human needs, plus the emergence of new and increasingly diverse and rich needs, society will form a diversified economic structure to meet those needs. Market rules and interests are the driving force affecting production, making production develop towards product diversification.

Therefore, economic restructuring is an objective and inevitable process associated with the constant transformation of elements, components and relationships that make up the national economy.

1.2.2.3. Factors influencing and conditions for economic restructuring of the industry

Firstly, the resources and comparative advantages of each locality are the basis for forming and transforming the economic structure in a sustainable and effective manner.

- Factors of natural conditions such as geographical location, climate, land and natural resources have a great influence on the choice of economic sector structure, especially specialized sectors and supporting sectors for each region and locality. Normally, at each stage of development, people focus on exploiting resources with advantages, large reserves, and value.

high economic growth, large and stable market demand... Thus, the diversity and abundance of natural conditions and natural resources have an impact on the process of formation and transformation of economic structure, and are factors that must be taken into account in the process of planning industry structure strategies.

- The stability of the political system and the clear, open, multilateral, and diversified foreign policy are important advantages of our country in the process of economic restructuring in general and economic sectoral structure in particular. The institutional environment is a concrete expression of the viewpoints, thoughts, and behaviors of the State in intervening and orienting the overall development, as well as the development of the constituent parts of the economy. In the transformation of the economic sectoral structure, the State plays a decisive role, which is mainly demonstrated in:

+ The State builds and decides on socio-economic development strategies and plans to achieve the country's overall socio-economic development goals, which is also the development orientation, resource allocation orientation and investment orientation for each sector and each territory.

+ Through the legal system, policies... the state encourages or restricts, even puts pressure on businesses and investors to develop production and business according to its own direction.

Second, human resources. Human resources have long been considered a decisive factor in the production process. At certain times, the allocation of human resources is very important for the formation of the structure of the economy. Human resources are considered in terms of: human resource scale, human resource quality and human resource change trends.

The scale of human resources is the number of labor forces of society expressed in the number of people of working age, capable and willing to work. Scale

Human resources are one of the important factors contributing to the formation of economic structure. In order for production and business activities to be carried out effectively, at a certain level of science and technology, an appropriate force is needed. If the scale of human resources is too small compared to the requirements of the economy, it will hinder development, and labor may have to be imported. In such economies, there will be an economic structure with industries that use little labor. On the contrary, if the scale of human resources is too large, "labor surplus" will form an economic structure capable of full employment, with industries that use a lot of labor being given priority for development.

The quality of human resources is reflected in the qualities of health, moral qualities, professional qualifications, labor skills and knowledge. The quality of human resources has a great influence on the transformation of the economic structure of the industry: The higher the quality of human resources, the more favorable conditions for industries and fields that require trained and highly skilled workers to develop. Among the factors that make up the quality of human resources, professional qualifications, labor skills and knowledge play a particularly important role in the process of transforming the economic structure of the industry towards industrialization and modernization.

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