Theoretical Basis for Managing Learning Activities of Primary Education Students

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BASIS OF MANAGING LEARNING ACTIVITIES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION STUDENTS

1.1. History of research on learning management issues

1.1.1. Research on learning activities

Immediately after the successful August Revolution in 1945, President Ho Chi Minh continued the movement to study and train Vietnamese talents to contribute to rebuilding the country. Ho Chi Minh (1947) encouraged all people: "We must voluntarily and consciously consider studying as the task of a revolutionary, and must strive to complete it, thereby actively and automatically completing the study plan." He also pointed out: "Regarding studying, we must take self-study as the core" (Ho Chi Minh, 1990). Thereby, studying is put first, society has the responsibility to create conditions for learners to continue studying, the factor that promotes good learning results is the spirit of initiative, proactively recognizing the problem, setting learning goals, making plans to self-explore, learning from the experiences of predecessors, and setting directions to strive for in studying.

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Author Nguyen Duc Quang (2013) has researched on "Issues of organization and management of public schools in Ho Chi Minh City", the research topic is the development of the non-public school system in Vietnam and in the world before 1975; Organizational issues, extra teaching, extra learning, tuition fees, facilities. The issues have been surveyed from the current situation at educational institutions and need to study more appropriate solutions at this level. Through the study of the current situation, the author has put forward many arguments on the organization and management of public school activities from the past to the present in the issue of learning, initially having a research basis for related issues when the author clarifies some core issues of learning activities. From theoretical research, applying to the current situation as evidence for the research problem, the author has drawn some conclusions related to the organization and management of learning activities at some public schools.

Author Nguyen Duc Quang (2013) has researched on "Organizing learning activities", Nguyen Duy Can researched on "I study by myself", Do Linh - Le Van researched on "Effective learning methods", Nguyen Van Han researched on "How to study effectively", Quang Hong researched on "Secrets to effective learning". Through research works, the author has studied many aspects of the learning problem, researched on effective learning methods to improve learning efficiency, from the theoretical foundations of educators, it is necessary to continue to research and deepen related knowledge to overcome the current situation of learning problems.

The problem of learning is an eternal problem, at any time when organizing research there will be different results both positive and negative, when researching one side of the problem there will be many things arising around, the most important thing is to have a comprehensive overview of learning activities. And effective learning methods are chosen as the topic of many authors under many useful measures for learners in the process of carrying out learning activities.

According to author Le Thanh Hai (2016), the study stated that: "The nature of educational activities is the process of consciously and actively transforming the requirements of social norms into corresponding behavioral attitudes and habits". Thus, the main

The learner's personality plays an important role in learning activities, but the decisive factor is the self-awareness of seeking knowledge, and this behavior needs to be performed repeatedly to form a habit of behavior.

Educational activities take place in the active movement of teachers and learners, these two activities take place in parallel and always support each other, teachers who want to complete the task of imparting knowledge must have the cooperation of learners in learning. On the contrary, learners who want to acquire knowledge need teachers to guide effective approaches. Through learning activities, learners receive knowledge, self-evaluate knowledge, grasp the rules, form the need to change themselves to integrate with society, transform the knowledge of humanity learned into personal by showing behavior, expressing attitudes towards problems, and having personal solutions in accordance with the rules.

Author Le Thanh Hai (2016) researched "Modern approach to teaching activities" he wrote: "Humans themselves have the need to work for themselves, just need to transfer them the right activities, suitable for the natural positivity of humans". Through that, the author wants to mention the approach factor must be suitable for each individual learner, with each individual having a different personality, there needs to be a different learning method, depending on the purpose, the subject that the subject has a flexible impact, helping learners to proactively learn more knowledge, apply knowledge into practice in the most effective way.

In general, many educators have a general understanding of different aspects of the learning problem without specific research on a group of subjects. Through research, it is clear that the problem of learning is eternal, people who want to develop need to study regularly. Currently, with economic development, finding a book to read is not difficult or searching for videos sharing learning experiences in a specific field is popular worldwide through the Internet, learning tools and means are available, but the problem of individual learners' awareness to proactively discover problems and continue to delve into research is still inadequate but has not been studied by educational researchers to find solutions to change.

When you understand the inherent laws of motion of the learning process, know how to approach knowledge later to suit the situation, have an objective view of all changes in the implementation process, integrate into modern society, transform accumulated knowledge into experience for individuals to apply in life, this process takes place over a long period of time because it requires flexibility to change oneself, learn new things and modify appropriate methods with diverse approaches, have a comprehensive view of modern issues, only then will learning activities achieve their goals with the best results.

1.1.2. Research on learning management

Wherever there is activity, there needs to be management to ensure that the output meets the quality target requirements to meet the needs of society. Specifically, in the field of education, in addition to some studies on learning activities mentioned above, there are also some research topics related to the subject of educational management, specifically:

Author Pham Trung Thanh (2011) with his master's thesis in education, the author is interested in "The current situation of learning activities management of naval technical college students". Through the topic, the author clearly states the theoretical basis of learning activities, the content of learning activities management of naval technical college students (Management of learning goals and tasks; Management of learning content, Management of learning methods; Management of learning time), assessing the current situation of naval technical college students having a relative awareness of learning activities.

The author stated that “The learning activities of the Naval Technical College students are carried out in a special environment, a military environment. The students’ learning is arranged in a special organization, a specific time and a prescribed regime. In addition to carrying out learning tasks, students must also participate in other activities such as combat readiness, building a regular order, practicing discipline, and defending the homeland”.

Through the topic, the author specifically describes the learning environment at a naval school, learning activities include state regulations that also require naval students to be fully equipped with skills, spirit, and combat readiness. Therefore, through the survey results, "the majority of students have a clear understanding of the purpose of learning and the role of learners in teaching and learning activities"

From there, it can be understood that the learning process of students is not completely affected by the individual factors of the students, but the impact of the subject lecturer is very important because he is the one who directly guides the learning activities of students. In order to be able to influence students in the learning organization process, the lecturer needs to have experience, grasp the psychology and performance ability of students, thereby having an orientation on how to carry out the learning tasks of the management major in accordance with the training program's objectives.

With the aim of taking learners as the center in teaching and learning activities, teachers play a key role in the implementation process, with the task of guiding, practicing models, giving suggestions for revision, encouraging, and motivating learners to continue learning and improving their skills. The position of learners is also raised to a new level of importance, being recognized for their differences, having opinions to expand on issues, and being free to learn according to their interests but under the management of educators.

According to Nguyen Thanh Son (2012) "Changing perceptions about learning, teaching how to learn, building a classroom community, organizing and managing learning activities, creating conditions for learning, coordinating the management of learning activities... Aiming to train students to become comprehensively developed people, with ethics, knowledge, health, aesthetics and career; meeting the requirements of the cause of building and defending the Fatherland"

The characteristic of new university students is that their awareness of university study is not clear due to many external influences such as living environment, learning environment, and being away from family, so they need the right orientation from the university teaching staff to provide life skills when studying in the university environment right from the beginning of the school year, regularly pay attention to monitoring and promptly supporting the arrangement of accommodation and means of transportation, that is, ensuring daily living needs, thereby starting to organize effective learning methods.

The coordination of educational forces in the school during this period is noted, determining the duties and powers of departments to cooperate in properly educating students.

Author Luong Ngoc Hai (2013) studied "The current situation of managing learning activities according to the credit system at Ho Chi Minh City University of Education", through the study of the current situation, it shows that the management of learning activities according to the credit system at Ho Chi Minh City University of Education is always concerned by the management staff. The work of registering students' learning still has many errors and is not favorable. In addition, the author commented that "The work of managing students' learning activities must be closely linked with the teaching activities of lecturers, these two activities must take place synchronously to achieve good results". Through the survey of the current situation, "the management of learning activities according to the credit system at Ho Chi Minh City University of Education is always respected and is of interest to teachers and students. In fact, the management of learning preparation, the management of learning activities in class, the management of learning activities outside of class, the management of testing and assessment of learning outcomes. Student registration work is still full of errors and not convenient for students"

Learning activities will be more effective when learners are fully equipped with learning tools, including registration when learning. In addition, the management of the teaching staff always accompanies the management of students studying at school.

Author Nguyen Duc Quang (2013) with the topic "Current status of learning management activities in non-public general schools in Ho Chi Minh City", through the results of the survey of the current situation, the author stated that "The management function has been effectively applied by school managers and teachers, especially the function of inspection, evaluation and direction of plan implementation", identified some causes of the current situation, thereby proposing some measures on the above management contents and functions to remove and overcome limitations in the management of learning activities in some public general schools. With the subject of learning activities of non-public students, there will be management activities suitable to the characteristics of the school, because this is a non-public school, with more conditions to organize learning activities for students than public schools.

Author Le Thanh Hai (2016) with the topic "Managing learning activities of students majoring in educational management at universities in Ho Chi Minh City", through studying the current situation of students' learning at the school, the author describes an overview of the learning situation of students at the school, achieving many positive results. In addition, the author emphasizes the current situation of students' learning planning, which is still limited due to many factors, thereby proposing some measures to improve the effectiveness of managing students' learning activities.

Learning activities of students majoring in Education Management are special activities, requiring students to have logical thinking, systematic theoretical issues, and practice self-awareness and responsibility to form the qualities of future education managers.

In summary, from research topics on the specific field of education management, the authors have described an overview of the field of learning on a number of specific subjects, clearly showing that the current situation of learning management over time has clear differences due to many causes affecting learners and the team of teachers and managers at the school. However, there has not been a topic of in-depth research on the implementation of content in specific learning management activities.

is the team of teachers who influence students to carry out a number of requirements to meet training objectives during the learning process of the General Education major.

1.2 Some basic concepts

1.2.1. Management

Management is an inevitable activity of humans in the process of movement to maintain life and meet the needs of individuals. Activities take place everywhere, wherever humans exist, there will be activities that will naturally form management. When individuals participate in activities, they have formed management: management of time, goals, plans, content, and implementation methods. With the collective, the nature of management remains unchanged, but the management subject can both manage himself and manage other individuals, requiring the subject to have the ability to lead the collective, unify tasks and powers to effectively achieve common goals. From past life practices, the ancients have drawn some concepts about management.

According to Karl Marx (1993), “Any directly social or communal labor performed on a relatively large scale requires a greater or lesser degree of management, in order to establish the coordination of individual works and to perform the general functions that arise from the motion of the total productive mechanism, as distinguished from the motion of its separate organs. An individual violinist controls himself, but an orchestra needs a conductor.”

In order to meet all the needs of life for both individuals and the desire to bring benefits to everyone, together towards a common goal by sharing work to do together, changing social awareness in a sustainable way, maintaining values. When cooperating to do work, it is necessary to have an organizational structure to arrange work, determine tasks, roles, and benefits, so in a group, it is necessary to choose a person who is capable of leading, observing, supervising, and guiding members to perform. Thereby, for the group to exist, there needs to be a manager, a person under management, and an implementation mechanism to achieve the common goals of society.

According to Vu Dung (1995) "Management is knowing exactly what you want people to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way"

The first thing a manager needs to do is to define goals, arrange the work to be done to achieve the goals, identify the person who will do it, the management regulations for implementation, and set work requirements as a basis for monitoring and evaluation. A good manager is someone who has a long-term vision, can predict what will happen in the future, judge the direction of what will happen next, and from there, plan appropriate solutions flexibly. However, due to the nature of management being people-to-people management, it is important for managers to grasp the thoughts, wishes, and needs of members in the process of performing assigned work. To manage people, one needs to understand people.

According to Pham Minh Hac (1986), "Management is the organized, targeted impact of the management subject on the management object to achieve the set goals."

Mentioning management is mentioning the management tool, wanting to influence the implementation process, building an organizational structure with the purpose of achieving goals so that

best efficiency but still ensure quality. The impact of the subject is meaningful to the implementation results, if the impact is appropriate, it will bring good results, otherwise, it will cause serious consequences, slow down the progress of the organization's work, affecting the common interests of the collective.

In addition to performing well the tasks of a manager according to the rules, managers also need to have the skills to adapt to change, because management theory is the core that needs to be grasped and to deepen knowledge, it must be linked to reality, depending on each time of application, there are different ways of handling, using a variety of management forms in accordance with regulations, still ensuring effective implementation of the set goals.

According to author Pham Minh Hac (1986) "Management is the process of achieving organizational goals by applying the activities (functions) of planning, organizing, directing and controlling".

Management has two forms: functional management or content management. These two forms are most commonly used in management today because of the advantages they bring, depending on the nature of the work, the manager chooses the appropriate management method. Within the scope of the concept, the researcher analyzes the definition of management according to management functions. The first function is planning, this is the first activity, the basis, the premise and compass of the entire management process, planning skills are necessary for managers, because this is the "scenario" of the management process, all activities that occur are determined in advance by the management subject and will take place in the correct order. Organizing is the activity of assigning, arranging, and guiding the managed object to perform the work and the head of the unit is responsible to society for the results achieved, thus building a strong organization, a united collective, and unifying to achieve common goals. Leadership is creating conditions for individuals to perform, regularly instructing, orienting, and setting an example for subordinates to perform correctly. Control is an activity that takes place throughout and is interwoven into the implementation process, based on established evaluation standards, compared with implementation results to achieve set goals.

In short, management is the activity of the management subject by flexibly using management functions in the implementation process to achieve the initial goal with the highest efficiency.

According to author Nguyen Thanh Son (2012), "Management is a difficult and complicated activity but has a very important meaning in human society. Thanks to management, it is possible to create unity of will in the organization (members of the organization, between the managed objects and between the management subject and the managed object). From there, it is possible to achieve the set goals with the highest efficiency.

In addition to the impact relationship between the subject and the managed object, in management activities there are other relationships such as the relationship between colleagues (ie between the managed objects), personal relationships (ie the individual subject and the individual managed object manage themselves), the relationship between the managed object and the management subject. With the role, responsibility, and function of the job position, there is a way to impact in a unified way in the collective, contributing to meeting the needs of society.

According to Tran Kiem (2016), "Management activities are carried out in an organization or a social group". On the other hand, he believes that "management activities are activities that coordinate the efforts of individuals to achieve the goals of the organization".

Management activities are formed when there is human participation in labor, depending on the purpose, there are individual activities or collective activities. An organization is strong when individuals are active, proactive in performing work, meeting the needs when individuals work for the organization such as being trained professionally, being given the right to be the owner, and ensuring the need for life. And management takes place where a collective or a group of people appear, with clear circumstances, management time takes place in parallel with the time to achieve the goal.

Over time, the viewpoint on management has been exploited in many aspects, but the nature of management is only one. From studying the viewpoints of some educators on management, within the limits of this research topic, I understand: Management is the oriented and intentional impact of the management subject on the object and subject of management in terms of politics, society, culture, economy, and education through a system of state regulations on policies, methods, and specific measures to achieve goals with the highest efficiency.

Management is the two-way interaction between the management subject and the managed object to jointly carry out the assigned tasks based on the agreement of the relevant parties. That is, the management subject influences the managed object to carry out the tasks assigned by the management subject, and in return, the managed object will respond to the management subject about the work done, the opinions contributed to solving arising problems, as a basis for the subject to make timely decisions, both parties carry out their responsibilities together, thereby having smooth coordination to achieve the highest efficiency. At a certain time and space, management activities take place according to a predetermined plan depending on short-term or long-term goals, the implementation time fluctuates.

1.2.2. Educational management

According to author Dinh Ai Linh (2006), "Educational management is a system of purposeful, planned, and lawful impacts of the management subject to make the system operate according to the Party's educational guidelines and principles, to realize the characteristics of Vietnamese socialist schools, whose focal point is the process of teaching and educating the young generation, bringing the educational system to the expected goal, to a new state of quality".

Educational management is a specific management activity of the education sector, this is the field of training quality human resources in the future, with the role of contributing to the development of the country, the issue of building an educational management organization structure is very important. The impact system includes consecutive ways of impacting on the purpose with a tight process, smooth coordination, specific purposes, clear goals, and building an implementation plan in accordance with the laws of existence. The Vietnamese State under the leadership of the Party in all fields including education, is paid attention to by the Party to create conditions for implementing student education, the future young generation has enough conditions to converge, has the spirit of learning new things, and is constantly creative through the teaching process of teachers to acquire knowledge from students. In the teaching process, the teacher plays a leading role, is the one who builds the classroom environment, guides students to seek knowledge

new, have synthetic thinking, create conditions for students to demonstrate their own abilities; students with the support of teachers actively follow instructions, have clear attitudes and viewpoints, express personal opinions in learning, practice skills for themselves, and form a comprehensive personality.

Educational management is a conscious human activity, only humans can have a management plan according to a process that is consistent with general rules. Educational management includes macro-level management and micro-level management. In management, it is necessary to clearly identify who is the management subject and the management object. Only by clearly identifying the object can it be easy to clearly define responsibilities, tasks, powers, and regulations on coordination regulations.

Educational management (micro) is a system of voluntary impacts (conscious, purposeful, planned, systematic, and regular) of the management subject on the collective of teachers, employees, students, parents and social forces inside and outside the school to achieve the quality and effectiveness of the school's educational goals (Tran Kiem, 2011).

Within the limited scope of micro-level educational management, educational management is the management subject that consciously and plannedly impacts the managed object using tools such as legal regulations, statutes, school plans, school regulations, and curriculum to carry out pedagogical activities to achieve educational goals.

In a specific school, school management includes the management subject, the Principal and Vice Principal, who are two senior representatives of a school, below which is a team of teachers and staff who work together based on their assigned tasks at the school. This is the subject directly affected by the management subject, through which the management subject can manage the quality of students in the school. According to the functional structure of the school, there are many specialized departments, each department has a manager, responsible for managing the quality of a small group. Students are under the management of teachers, teachers are under the management of professional group leaders, group leaders are under the management of professional vice principals, vice principals are the ones who assist the principal in management activities.

Through analyzing the basic organizational structure of a school, the researcher clearly sees the role, function, and responsibility of each job position in the school, thereby determining the management relationship, the subject of direct or indirect impact, with flexible impact on the task situation towards educating and perfecting the personality of students.

According to Dinh Ai Linh (2006), "School management and educational management are organizing teaching activities. Only by organizing teaching activities can we manage educational activities, that is, concretizing the Party's educational guidelines and turning those guidelines into reality, meeting the requirements of the people and the country."

Schools, which are authorized to organize teaching and educating students, are the specific places to implement the Party's orientations in the context of the times. With the goal of training quality human resources, the role of teaching and education is placed first, schools must organize these two activities in parallel, and should not forget the long-term goal because of chasing after achievements. The problem is how to manage teaching and education activities to both meet the goals and comply with legal regulations.

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