4.22), the reason for the decrease is that the garden has done a good job of coordinating with local authorities and has received support from the CTDVMTR Program.
Table 4.22. Summary of violations of the Law on Forest Protection and Development in Cat Tien National Park in the period 2012 - 2016
Year
Total | Handle administrative | Handle criminal | Amount of fine | ||||||
Number of cases | Number | Number of cases | Number | Number of cases | Number | Total | Collected | Not collected | |
2012 | 277 | 248 | 273 | 243 | 4 | 5 | 670,350,000 | 195,850,000 | 474,500,000 |
2013 | 309 | 483 | 303 | 469 | 6 | 14 | 622,033,000 | 309,675,000 | 312,358,000 |
2014 | 273 | 275 | 271 | 271 | 2 | 4 | 804,725,000 | 294,215,000 | 510,510,000 |
2015 | 271 | 372 | 268 | 368 | 3 | 4 | 415,625,000 | 346,575,000 | 69,060,000 |
2016 | 139 | 169 | 137 | 167 | 2 | 2 | 432,200,000 | 279,100,000 | 153,100,000 |
Total | 1,269 | 1,547 | 1,252 | 1,518 | 17 | 29 | 2,944,933,000 | 1,425,415,000 | 1,519,528,000 |
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(Source: Report on forest violations over the years by the Forest Ranger Department)
The amount of fines from handling violations each year is relatively large, however, because most of the violators are in difficult economic circumstances, and law enforcement is not strict, the amount of fines paid is not high.
The entire amount of 1,425,415,000 VND collected by Cat Tien National Park is paid into the state budget. The Park is not allowed to use any amount for B&D activities.
4.3.3. Carbon absorption value
The forests in Cat Tien National Park form an important carbon sequestration system. The total carbon sequestration value of the forest was calculated based on the results of forest inventories in 2014 and 2016 in Dong Nai and Binh Phuoc provinces (2016), Lam Dong (2014).
Annual carbon sequestration rates in tons/ha/year were applied to relevant areas according to forest status in Cat Tien National Park.
Step 1: Use the results to determine forest reserves according to forest status
Table 4.23. Reserves of each forest state
Status
Forest status | Acreage (ha) | Tank capacity army | Total reserves | |||
M/ha (m3/ha) | Bamboo/ha (trees/ha) | Wood M (m3) | Giant umbrella (tree) | |||
1 | Rich Forest (TXG) | 1,994.85 | 245.8 | 490,334 | ||
2 | Medium Forest (TXB) | 15,000.32 | 154.5 | 2,317,549 | ||
3 | Mixed restoration forest (TXN,TXP,HG1,HG2) | 32,027.78 | 68.2 | 3,650 | 2,184,295 | 116,901,397 |
4 | Poor forest | 10,917.41 | 78.1 | 852,650 | ||
5 | LOO Forest (LOO) | 8,224.25 | 7,100 | 58,392,175 | ||
6 | Planted Forests (RTG) | 1,259.12 | 48.9 | 61,571 | ||
Total | 69,423.73 | 5,906,399 | 175,293,572 | |||
(Source: forest inventory report 2014, 2016 – HKL)
Step 2: Determine the absorption coefficient (the amount of CO2 absorbed and stored by 1 hectare of forest)
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Table 4.24. Average carbon sequestration by forest status
Status
Forest status | Average reserves (m3/ha) | Average commercial timber reserves (m3/ha) | BCEF | R | CF | AGB | BGB | EF (ton/ha) | |
1 | Rich Forest (TXG) | 1,994.85 | 245.8 | 0.95 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 233.51 | 86.40 | 551.31 |
2 | Medium Forest (TXB) | 15,000.32 | 154.5 | 1.50 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 231.75 | 85.75 | 547.15 |
3 | Mixed restoration forest (TXN,TXP,HG1,HG2) | 32,027.78 | 68.2 | 1.50 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 102.30 | 37.85 | 241.53 |
4 | Poor forest | 10,917.41 | 78.1 | 1.50 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 117.15 | 43.35 | 276.59 |
5 | LOO Forest (LOO) | 8,224.25 | 2.80 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
6 | Planted Forests (RTG) | 1,259.12 | 48.9 | 1.50 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 73.35 | 27.14 | 173.18 |
AGB = M x BCEF = 245.8 x 0.95 = 233.51 (m3/ha) BGB = AGB x R = 233.51 x 0.37 = 86.40 (m3/ha)
EF = (AGB + BGB) x CF x 44/12 = (233.51 + 86.40) x 0.47/12 = 551.31 (tons/ha)
Step 3: Calculate carbon storage value
Table 4.25. Total carbon storage and absorption by forest status
Status
Forest status | Area (ha) | EF (ton/ha) | Total CO2 storage (tons of CO2) | |
1 | Rich Forest (TXG) | 1,994.85 | 551.31 | 1,099,779.41 |
2 | Medium Forest (TXB) | 15,000.32 | 547.15 | 8,207,485.46 |
3 | Mixed restoration forest (TXN,TXP,HG1,HG2) | 32,027.78 | 241.53 | 7,735,570.10 |
4 | Poor forest | 10,917.41 | 276.59 | 3,019,616.35 |
5 | LOO Forest (LOO) | 8,224.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | Planted Forests (RTG) | 1,259.12 | 173.18 | 218,050.50 |
Total | 69,423.73 | 20,280,501.83 | ||
The carbon absorption value of Cat Tien National Park is calculated according to the formula:
Vc = Mc x Pc. (Vc: Total value of carbon stored; Mc: Total amount of carbon stored; Pc: Unit price). With the average unit price on the carbon trading market estimated at 5 USD
We calculate the carbon absorption value of Cat Tien National Park as: Vc = 20,280,501.83 tons x 5 USD/ton = 101,402,509 USD
USD price at Vietcombank on June 20, 2017 is 22,760 VND. The carbon absorption value of Cat Tien National Park is converted to Vietnamese Dong.
The male is:
101,402,509 USD x 22,760 VND = 2,307,921,104,840 VND
Thus, the amount of carbon absorption calculated in 2014 for 69,423.73 hectares of forest area in Lam Dong province and in 2016 for Dong Nai and Binh Phuoc provinces was 20,280,501.01 tons, with a total value of VND 2,307,921 million. This is a huge amount of money, if implemented, it will solve
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overcome many difficulties in current B&D work, while bringing not only economic value but also great environmental value.
However, the concept of carbon sequestration is not yet widely known, and very few people know about it. The results of interviews with 75 Cat Tien National Park staff about calculating carbon sequestration and the concept of quantifying ecosystem value are summarized in Table 4.26.
Table 4.26 Interview results with Cat Tien National Park staff
Concept
Number
Absorb carbon | Proportion (%) | Price quantification HST treatment | Proportion (%) | |
Number of people known | 22 | 29.33 | 10 | 13.33 |
Number of people unknown | 53 | 70.67 | 65 | 86.67 |
Total | 75 | 100.00 | 75 | 100.00 |
Figure 4.4. Interview results with Cat Tien National Park staff
Carbon Sequestration Quantifying the Value of the HST
Thus, the number of people who know the concept of carbon absorption accounts for only 29%, while the number of people who know the concept of quantifying the value of the ecosystem accounts for a large proportion.
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only 13% less than the total of 75 people interviewed. The interview also found that the number of people who knew the concept of carbon absorption was more than the concept of quantifying the value of the ecosystem because in 2012, REDD+ implemented training on carbon absorption measurement techniques at the Da Nha Forest Ranger Station (Cat Tien National Park) for 3 months, 10 days per month for 2 forest rangers, 1 technical officer of the Park and 7 people from the contracted community in Da Nha village, Quoc Oai commune, Da Teh district, Lam Dong province.
4.4. Propose some solutions to increase resources at Cat Tien National Park.
The role of assessing ecosystem services for better decision-making on forest protection and development is now well recognized in Vietnam. This is emphasized in many important policy documents of the Government such as the forestry development strategy; the National Action Plan on Biodiversity to 2020 with a vision to 2030. Many forms of use and application of ecosystem services are mentioned in relation to protected areas and national parks as a way to balance investment and budget for forest protection and development, guide pricing for forest environmental service payments and other fee systems; analyze the needs and appropriateness of conservation incentives as well as benefit sharing for communities living near forests; identify the main business sector as ecotourism based on biodiversity and market opportunities; consider the demand for land, resources and investment opportunities, conduct cost-benefit assessments and environmental impact assessments of development projects; Assist in assessing resource damage and calculating environmental compensation claims.
4.4.1. Increase financial resources
- Well protect the ecosystem of Cat Tien National Park, at the same time conserve and develop biodiversity resources to serve ecotourism activities and maintain the area providing forest environmental services.
- Create a variety of products and services to attract customers. Currently, tourism products are only used to exploit natural landscapes, there are no accompanying products and services such as scientific research products.
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Application for tourists to buy as souvenirs of their trip or as gifts for relatives and friends.
- Cat Tien National Park has two seasons: dry season and rainy season. Revenue from tourism is mainly concentrated in the dry season, while the rainy season has a low revenue proportion. Therefore, it is necessary to have a discount policy and incentives in the rainy season to attract visitors to the Park.
- Plant new forests on vacant land and replace cashew plantation areas within the boundary of the Park that have been compensated and recovered from local people to increase the area providing forest environmental services.
- The Government needs to consider raising the price of forest protection services through the policy of paying for forest environmental services to attract people to participate in forest protection in order to effectively implement the policy of socializing forestry, creating jobs, increasing income and ensuring the lives of people living near forests.
- In the current period, the state budget is increasingly tight, the Government is implementing a policy of tightening spending from the Central to the local levels, so the investment fund for forest protection and development is also greatly affected. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate a part of the amount collected from the penalty for violations of the Law on Forest Protection and Development to Cat Tien National Park to increase financial resources, at the same time, implementing the Carbon Absorption Calculation Project as the current Payment for Forest Service policy will bring many benefits to Cat Tien National Park in particular and national parks and nature reserves in general, both in economic and environmental value.
4.4.2. Strengthening human and material resources
Currently, Cat Tien National Park has only 2 people with PhD degrees and 5 people with master's degrees, which is a very small number compared to the total number of 211 employees of the Park. It is necessary to continue to create conditions for employees to participate in many short-term and long-term training courses in the country and abroad to supplement and update professional knowledge, especially postgraduate training for forest rangers and some employees with high capacity and professional qualifications in different departments.
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In addition, more funding should be allocated for conservation activities and scientific research to create goods and services.
From the budget for paying for forest environmental services, the part that the unit manages and protects itself should be used to hire additional contract labor to protect the forest in order to better protect the resources of Cat Tien National Park.
In order for ecotourism activities to develop, it is necessary to train human resources to meet practical requirements. Human resources work will focus on fostering knowledge for the tour guide team of Cat Tien National Park in the fields of: Tour design, knowledge of biodiversity, translation... according to the motto: In-depth training - improving quality - sustainable development.
Forming a team of professional tour guides to meet the needs of high-quality tourists, tourists who are domestic and foreign scientists, and tourists who want to study and research.
At the same time, focus on upgrading and repairing the existing motel system, investing in renovating exploited tourist routes and destinations, changing the service style for the driver team, avoiding the current situation of having drivers but no cars, and having cars but no drivers.
In addition, Cat Tien National Park should invest in the following new items:
- Visitor center and tour guide, located in the Service Administration Area.
- Camping area, outdoor activities, location next to swimming pool, area 1 hectare.
- Build a rest stop and refreshment stand at Tien Island, located on the route from the ferry terminal to the primate rescue center.
- Building accommodation: Repair and upgrade the existing accommodation system. Build 20 more accommodation for tourists, each with 4 rooms, 100 m2 wide , by 2020 the total number of accommodation rooms in the National Park will reach 80.
- Use environmentally friendly means of tourism
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