Some Main Features of Hanoi's Socio-Economics

monthly social security benefits; people with serious illnesses in difficult economic circumstances; people from near-poor households.

Second , in addition to the budget to ensure health insurance for the poor mentioned above, the City also has many measures to mobilize all social resources to help the poor. A typical example of these measures is to encourage social organizations to build voluntary hospitals; Da Nang Women's Hospital. It is called a voluntary hospital because it is completely built by social organizations, without the participation of the State, nor the participation of the private sector. Da Nang Women's Hospital was built by the City's Association for the Protection of Poor Women and Children. That is the effectiveness of the form of socialization of health care in the field of hospital construction.

It can be said that Da Nang Women's Hospital is the only hospital in the country that is neither a public nor a private hospital. If there are more similar hospitals in the future, Da Nang Women's Hospital will certainly be the first hospital in the country to initiate a form of medical socialization by relying on a social organization to solve one of the problems of medical socialization.

Third , the City creates conditions for poor patients to access high-tech medical services. The hospital is for the poor but it is not the "charity hospital" of the past. Why can't the poor enjoy high-quality medical examination and treatment with modern machinery? The criteria of the hospital from the beginning of its construction must be high quality combined with charity. Only with high quality, modern machinery, and good medical staff can it attract non-poor patients, especially those who "money is not a problem as long as..." that we often see in hospitals today. Only with well-off patients can there be a surplus to "break" into the place to support poor patients. How?

The calculation from the beginning was very logical so that the rich would not hesitate to spend their money, and the poor would also receive the same services as the rich. This way of sharing seems to be much better than some hospitals today, where there are only one corridor between two or three people per bed, while the other side is spacious in "voluntary services" even though the expensive voluntary services are shared with the poor.

Modern and traditional

In this market economy, any investment in something modern and grand has an element of profit inside. In this "case", the "Association for the Protection of Poor and Unfortunate Women and Children" also made an astonishing "profit"! The only thing is, in other places, other people make a profit in money, in gold to put in their safes, but here, the biggest "profit" is that both the rich and the poor are "happy"! The rich are comfortable with the money they spend, the poor are also taken care of like the rich. No gold or money can buy human happiness! In Da Nang, the poor are considered to be those with an income of less than 500,000 VND, and the especially poor are at

120,000 VND. With this special poverty level, the story of escaping poverty is still a long story and the whole city has 3,397 people, the association for the protection of poor women and children takes care of everything! If anyone is sick, the association will pay! As for poor women, the association will help 30% of hospital fees. Some people are surprised that the poor have to pay 70% of hospital fees at this most modern hospital in the central region, so the poor dare not enter, even if it is exempted by 50%! I would like to say, the 30% hospital fees here are the 30% of the actual payment difference because all poor people have health insurance cards. Health insurance still has to pay as when the patient goes to the right hospital at public hospitals and the arising and overstating here compared to the prescribed health insurance level, the association will "bear" 30%! Director Phan Anh Gia Bao affirmed that all patients coming here are treated equally because the association pays for the difference in the list of poor and especially poor people sent and introduced by the Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs and the association. The director further explained: "Da Nang Women's Hospital operates according to the model of a non-public hospital."

Chapter 2‌‌

CURRENT STATE OF HEALTH INSURANCE ACTIVITIES

FOR THE POOR IN HANOI AND SOME ISSUES

2.1. Overview of Hanoi and Hanoi City Health Insurance

2.1.1. Some main features of Hanoi's socio-economy

Hanoi is a large city in the country, with a natural area of ​​3,344.7002 km2 and a population of 6,448,837 people. In terms of scale, in 2009 Hanoi ranked first in the country in terms of area, second in population and gross domestic product (after Ho Chi Minh City). If in 2000, Hanoi's GDP was only 39,944 billion VND (accounting for 9.04% of the country's total GDP), then by 2007 it had increased to 137,935 billion (accounting for 12.06%), and in 2009 it was 205,890 billion VND (accounting for 12.41%). Hanoi's economic growth rate is quite high, always in the "Top" of the country, with many years reaching double digits, in which: the average period 2001-2005 reached: 11.24%; 2006-2009: 10.22%. In 2009, due to the impact of the global economic crisis and recession, Hanoi's economic growth rate slowed down, but still reached a level 23% higher than the whole country, only lower than Ho Chi Minh City (6.7% compared to 5.32% and 8%). In 2010, the growth rate in the first 6 months of the year reached 10.1% compared to the same period last year (the whole country: 6.16%), the whole year is forecast to reach about 8% - 8.5%, bringing the average GDP growth rate in the period 2006-2010 to about 9.85% (the whole country 6.96%)[42].

Thus, in all conditions, whether favorable or difficult, Hanoi still maintains a high economic growth rate, 1.26 - 1.43 times higher than the whole country.

With the awareness of having to develop Hanoi's economy to be worthy of a modern capital, in the last two decades Hanoi has focused resources on rapidly developing industry and services. As a result, many industrial parks and clusters, industrial points

Craft villages were established, becoming the pillar of the city's economic development.

The infrastructure system has been renovated and upgraded, including many projects of great significance. Most of the roads, especially the national highways radiating into the city, have been expanded and the roadbed has been upgraded. As of 2009, Hanoi has basically completed the construction and upgrading of 3 belt roads, 30 main roads and many other streets, bringing the land fund ratio for road traffic in the inner city area to 6-7%, 3 times higher than in the early 1990s (about 2-3%). In the health sector alone, as of 2009, Hanoi had 651 medical examination and treatment facilities, with

10,066 hospital beds, including 41 hospitals.

Thanks to rapid economic development, people's income and living standards have improved significantly. After 10 years (2000-2009), the average income per capita in Hanoi increased by 332%, an average increase of 33.2% per year (respectively, the whole country increased by 290% and 29%). According to the City's forecast, in 2010, the average income could reach 35 - 36 million VND, an increase of 10% - 13% compared to 2009. Currently, Hanoi's average income is 64.8% higher than the national average (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1: GDP per capita of Hanoi and the whole country 2000 –

2010

Unit: Million VND

2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	Estimated 2010
Hanoi	7.4	15.6	18.4	22.4	28.1	31.8	35-36*
Nationwide	5.7	10.2	11.7	13.6	17.4	19.3	-

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• General Assessment of Hanoi's Natural and Socio-Economic Conditions Impacting on the Activities of TNCs.
• Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts - Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835. 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6) - Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51). - Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old). - Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%. - Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities. - Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%. 4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1) Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Alid <1 year 5 .6 .6 .6 1-3 years 194 23.2 23.2 23.8 4-10 years 571 68.4 68.4 92.2 >10 years 65 7.8 7.8 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives. When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country. According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Prepay 591 70.8 70.8 70.8 Pay later 160 19.2 19.2 89.9 Both of the above 84 10.1 10.1 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services. In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3). Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <100,000 212 25.4 25.4 25.4 100-300,000 406 48.6 48.6 74.0 300,000-500,000 147 17.6 17.6 91.6 >500,000 70 8.4 8.4 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels. The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 142 17.0 17.0 17.0 3-10 news 427 51.1 51.1 68.1 >10 news 266 31.9 31.9 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 175 21.0 21.0 21.0 3-10 news 436 55.0 55.0 76.0 >10 news 197 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants. 4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6). Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Have 785 94.0 94.0 94.0 Are not 50 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results. In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. 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• Health insurance for the informal economic sector in Hanoi - 2
• Completing the training quality assurance system at the University of Economics, Vietnam National University, Hanoi - 16
• Completing the socio-economic development plan of Long Bien district, Hanoi city until 2015 - 11

Source: Science Magazine, Economics and Business Journal, No. 3/2010

The poverty rate of the whole city has decreased from 3% in 2006 to 2.9% in 2007 and 2.4% in 2008 (the national poverty rate decreased by 15.47%, 14.75%, and 13.4%, respectively). Since 2009, Hanoi has applied its own poverty standard (twice as high as the national standard), so the poverty rate according to the new standard is 6.09%, but in 2010 it is estimated to decrease to about 5.4%.

It can be said that, as the capital of the country, Hanoi has an advantage over many other localities, including Ho Chi Minh City, in terms of living conditions, including health care conditions for people in general and the poor in particular.

However, Hanoi is still facing many challenges, which greatly affect the health care of the people, especially the poor and near-poor in remote districts and communes. That is, the shortage in housing supply as well as public services only focus mainly on the high-income group of residents while "forgetting" the poor; the urban infrastructure system is still lacking and weak, leading to overload, especially in terms of health and education conditions. In addition, the spontaneous urbanization process, the explosion of motorbike traffic and the rapid exploitation of resources have caused pollution and degradation of the living environment, making people more susceptible to diseases and diseases are also more diverse. To limit and be proactive in this issue, health insurance will be a lifesaver for the majority of people living in the city in general and a part of the poor who are struggling day and night to make a living in the city in particular.

2.1.2. Overview of Hanoi Health Insurance

Hanoi Health Insurance was established in 1992, according to Decree No. 299/ND-HDBT dated August 15, 1992 of the Council of Ministers (now the Government) and Decision No.

Decision No. 2795/QD-UB dated November 12, 1992 of the People's Committee of Hanoi City.

The starting point of Hanoi Health Insurance was a poor and inadequate physical facility. Initially, the entire system had only 37 people, of which 22 worked at the Center 18B Hang Luoc, 15 worked at 5 district branches (3 people in each branch). Over many years of operation, the number of people participating in health insurance has increased, the subjects participating in health insurance have become more and more diverse, the types of health insurance have also developed and the medical examination and treatment facilities have expanded, requiring the staff of Hanoi Health Insurance to develop both in quantity and professional skills. Up to now, Hanoi Health Insurance has had over 600 people (of which university and post-graduate degrees account for over 75%), most of whom are doctors, bachelors of economics, engineers, bachelors of law, intermediate level, computer staff...

Implementing the goal of gradually socializing the cause of caring for and protecting people's health, ensuring fairness in health care for everyone, in accordance with the economic capacity of society, in the past time, Hanoi Health Insurance has thoroughly grasped and seriously implemented policies and regimes according to the requirements of the Health Insurance Charter (later the Health Insurance Law).

Along with the development of the capital's health sector, the health insurance work in the city has increasingly affirmed its position in the cause of caring for and protecting people's health. People increasingly understand health insurance policies, the number of people participating in health insurance is increasing and the rights of health insurance participants are increasingly guaranteed. The Hanoi Health Insurance Agency has also developed strongly in terms of staff and quality of work, meeting the development needs of the health insurance career.

The main activities of Hanoi Health Insurance are: exploitation and issuance of health insurance cards, appraisal of health insurance medical examination and treatment costs, and financial and accounting work. These three areas of activity are closely related to each other and contribute significantly to the operation and development of Hanoi Health Insurance. Specifically:

+ Regarding the exploitation and issuance of health insurance cards: This is a very important task, identified as the key input step, it creates conditions for the following activities. Health insurance is a type of insurance with profound social humanitarianism, it was born in line with the development trend of society, so it is supported by the community. However, in the beginning, because this activity was new, the propaganda to exploit health insurance subjects encountered many difficulties. Later, due to the efforts of health insurance officers in propaganda and mobilization, people's awareness was raised a step. Since the 1994-1995 school year, Hanoi Health Insurance has implemented voluntary health insurance for students; followed by implementing health insurance for the poor.

+ Regarding the appraisal and medical examination for health insurance beneficiaries: This work is also identified as the key output stage, so Hanoi Health Insurance has focused on investing in increasing staff and improving health insurance appraisal skills, upgrading the computer network to manage each patient with a health insurance card when going to all health insurance facilities, in order to meet management requirements. The appraisal work has ensured the rights of health insurance card holders, for medical examination and treatment facilities and ensured the safety of the health insurance fund.

In the early years of operation, due to a lack of staff, Hanoi Health Insurance had to organize medical examination and treatment contracts with facilities under the Department of Health.

management and a few non-industry facilities. In 1993, Hanoi Health Insurance signed medical examination and treatment contracts with 23 hospitals, health centers, and polyclinics in the inner city. In recent years, Hanoi has had more and more projects to develop medical services for the poor and people in difficult circumstances in many forms such as contributions, financial support, coordination with local authorities to organize free medical examination and treatment sessions, issue health insurance cards to the poor, especially the poor who are policy beneficiaries... Up to now, Hanoi has built nearly 20 hospitals and specialized centers (if including central hospitals located in the area, there are up to 41 hospitals); 228 commune, ward, and town health stations have doctors, many villages in the suburbs also have medical staff; 18 regional polyclinics located in districts; and 5,000 non-public health facilities. Of the 228 medical stations, 200 were solidly built (accounting for 88%). According to statistics, the total number of hospital beds in Hanoi is 9,860 (central hospitals have 5,280 beds). In addition, Hanoi Health Insurance has signed contracts with 245 medical examination and treatment facilities, which are institutes, hospitals, medical centers of the Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Home Affairs and other sectors located in Hanoi and signed multi-level payment contracts with health insurance of 60 provinces and cities nationwide.

Hanoi's preventive health system is quite good, 100% of district health centers have enough preventive health teams, maternal and child health protection teams and family planning teams. Preventive health teams with a large number of volunteers, in addition to performing well their assigned functions and tasks, also actively support grassroots health care to provide preventive care for people, especially poor households, households in difficult circumstances, and policy families.