Results of Scale Testing Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (Efa)

Observation variable

Average scale if variable type	Scale variance if variable type	Total variable correlation	Cronbach's Alpha if excluded this variable
Q_AIS7	13.86	13,321	0.770	0.886
Information Technology (IT): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.884
IT1	11.31	11,137	0.742	0.854
IT2	10.75	11,671	0.670	0.870
IT5	11.39	11,443	0.686	0.867
IT6	11.21	10,943	0.737	0.855
IT7	11.16	10,851	0.767	0.848
Corporate Culture (OC): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.870
OC2	11.77	4,429	0.714	0.838
OC3	11.82	4,450	0.736	0.828
OC4	11.81	4,570	0.673	0.854
OC5	11.80	4,368	0.770	0.815
Training and education of corporate employees (TE): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.925
TE1	9.06	10,264	0.759	0.917
TE2	9.19	10,700	0.840	0.901
TE3	9.14	10,359	0.801	0.908
TE4	9.18	10,691	0.791	0.910
TE5	9.10	10,271	0.837	0.901
Employee commitment to the business (MC): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.913
MC1	17.87	15,055	0.705	0.905
MC2	17.79	14,545	0.794	0.892
MC3	17.71	14,921	0.777	0.895
MC4	17.60	15,154	0.798	0.893
MC5	17.96	15,044	0.682	0.909

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Observation variable

Average scale if variable type	Scale variance if variable type	Total variable correlation	Cronbach's Alpha if excluded this variable
MC6	17.73	14,804	0.795	0.892
Top Management Support (TMS): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.918
TMS1	5.82	2,628	0.754	0.912
TMS2	5.78	2,616	0.823	0.890
TMS3	5.78	2,480	0.792	0.900
TMS4	5.78	2,387	0.881	0.868
Manager's knowledge (MK): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.923
MK1	11.23	5,121	0.809	0.904
MK2	11.27	5,031	0.820	0.901
MK3	11.37	4,886	0.782	0.915
MK4	11.34	4,832	0.882	0.879
Performance Efficiency (FP): Cronbach's Alpha = 0.882
FP1	11.85	3,159	0.784	0.833
FP2	11.99	3,190	0.777	0.835
FP3	11.90	3,176	0.703	0.867
FP4	11.83	3,590	0.727	0.858

Source: Author's calculation

4.3.3. Results of scale testing by exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

After assessing the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, the results eliminated 6 observed variables, leaving 38 observed variables and all scales satisfying the reliability requirements. Next, the author will continue to assess the observed variables using the EFA exploratory factor analysis technique. When performing the EFA steps, the researcher obtained the following results:

The results of the first EFA exploratory factor analysis for the variables showed that the KMO value = 0.884 satisfied the condition 0.5 < 0.884 < 1. The results of Bartlett's test showed that

p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 shows that the variables are related to each other and the EFA analysis is suitable for the sample data (Appendix 4.3).

The results showed that there were 8 factors extracted with the total variance extracted (TVE) explained by the 8 factors being greater than 50%. The eight factors included:

Factor 1 (Q_AIS): has 6 observed variables Q_AIS1, Q_AIS2, Q_AIS3, Q_AIS4, Q_AIS5, Q_AIS7

Factor 2 (IT) has 5 observed variables IT1, IT2, IT5, IT6, IT7 Factor 3 (TE) has 5 observed variables TE1, TE2, TE3, TE4, TE5

Factor 4 (TMS) has 4 observed variables TMS1, TMS2, TMS3, TMS4 Factor 5 (MK) has 4 observed variables MK1, MK2, MK3, MK4 Factor 6 (OC) has 4 observed variables OC2, OC3, OC4, OC5

Factor 7 (MC) has 6 observed variables MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4, MC5, MC6 Factor 8 (FP) has 4 observed variables FP1, FP2, FP3, FP4

Table 4.13. Results of EFA analysis of official research

Observation variable

Factor
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
MC2	0.894
MC4	0.834
MC6	0.821
MC3	0.811
MC5	0.731
MC1	0.683
Q_AIS4		0.888
Q_AIS7		0.825
Q_AIS5		0.807

Observation variable

Factor
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Q_AIS2		0.791
Q_AIS3		0.727
Q_AIS1		0.643
TE5			0.888
TE2			0.887
TE3			0.838
TE4			0.832
TE1			0.772
TMS4				0.939
TMS1				0.839
TMS3				0.821
TMS2				0.816
IT7					0.853
IT6					0.822
IT1					0.777
IT5					0.764
IT2					0.653
MK4						0.917
MK2						0.903

Observation variable

Factor
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
MK1						0.821
MK3						0.806
FP4							0.883
FP2							0.852
FP1							0.780
FP3							0.627
OC5								0.926
OC2								0.817
OC3								0.671
OC4								0.593

Source: Author's calculation

4.3.4. Results of scale testing using confirmatory factor analysis

(CFA)

The scale items were further evaluated through the critical model, which has 632 degrees of freedom and fits the market data well (Chisquare/df = 1.435 < 2; CFI = 0.953 > 0.9; TLI = 0.948 and RMSEA = 0.044 < 0.08).

(Steiger, 1990) (see Figure 4.1). In addition, there is no correlation between measurement errors, so the observed variables are unidirectional. This means that an observed variable is only used to measure a single latent variable (research concept).

The regression weights range from 0.6 to 0.9 (> 0.5) and all meet the requirements and are statistically significant, so these variables all achieve convergence values (see table 4.14).

Table 4.14. Results of standardized regression weights

Relationship

Standardization factor
MC6	<---	MC	0.845
MC2	<---	MC	0.834
MC4	<---	MC	0.843
MC3	<---	MC	0.828
MC5	<---	MC	0.711
MC1	<---	MC	0.744
Q_AIS7	<---	Q_AIS	0.799
Q_AIS4	<---	Q_AIS	0.842
Q_AIS2	<---	Q_AIS	0.796
Q_AIS5	<---	Q_AIS	0.832
Q_AIS1	<---	Q_AIS	0.689
Q_AIS3	<---	Q_AIS	0.767
TE5	<---	TE	0.875
TE2	<---	TE	0.880
TE3	<---	TE	0.840
TE4	<---	TE	0.834
TE1	<---	TE	0.799
MK4	<---	MK	0.935
MK2	<---	MK	0.858
MK1	<---	MK	0.847

MK3

<---	MK	0.831
IT6	<---	IT	0.782
IT7	<---	IT	0.828
IT5	<---	IT	0.732
IT1	<---	IT	0.813
IT2	<---	IT	0.732
TMS4	<---	TMS	0.937
TMS2	<---	TMS	0.878
TMS1	<---	TMS	0.799
TMS3	<---	TMS	0.826
OC5	<---	OC	0.824
OC2	<---	OC	0.784
OC3	<---	OC	0.819
OC4	<---	OC	0.744
FP4	<---	FP8	0.770
FP2	<---	FP8	0.841
FP1	<---	FP8	0.862
FP3	<---	FP8	0.770

Source: AMOS run results

Tables 4.15 and 4.16 show that the scales of the latent variables achieve discriminant validity because the correlation coefficients between the latent variables are all less than 0.9. The composite reliability coefficients of the latent variables scales are all greater than 0.6 and the total variance extracted is all greater than 50%, so they meet the requirements.

Table 4.15. Discriminant validity analysis

Factor

OC	MC	Q_AIS	TE	MK	IT	TMS	FP
OC	0.793
MC	0.407	0.803
Q_AIS	0.416	0.465	0.789
TE	0.291	0.264	0.379	0.846
MK	0.578	0.289	0.427	0.374	0.869
IT	0.315	0.315	0.340	0.307	0.263	0.778
TMS	-0.428	-0.057	-0.001	-0.022	-0.196	-0.192	0.862
FP	0.589	0.370	0.369	0.217	0.579	0.327	-0.253	0.812