Rapid Appraisal Method with Citizen Participation

Chapter II

LOCATION, TIME, METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS

2.1. Research location

2.1.1. Ha Long City

2.1.1.1. Natural conditions

a. Geographical location

Ha Long City stretches from 20 0 55' to 21 0 05' north latitude, 106 0 50' to 107 0 30' east longitude.

North - Northwest borders Hoanh Bo district.

The South leads to the sea through Ha Long Bay and Hai Phong city. The East - Northeast borders Cam Pha city.

West - Southwest borders Yen Hung district.

Ha Long City is located in the center of the Province, with a land area of ​​27,195.03 hectares, with National Highway 18A running through it, forming the length of the City, with a seaport, a 50km long coastline, and Ha Long Bay, twice recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site with an area of ​​434km2 .

b. Terrain

Ha Long City has a diverse and complex terrain, is one of the oldest formed areas in Vietnam, including hills, valleys, coastal areas and islands.

c. Climate

- Wind: Wind speed varies greatly from place to place. Offshore islands have very high wind speed, with an annual average of 5 m/s, rarely calm winds (≤3%), sometimes wind speeds reach over 40 m/s. Winter is from October of the previous year to March of the following year, influenced by the northeast monsoon. Summer is from May to August, mainly south and southeast winds blowing in from the sea.

- Temperature : Average annual temperature is above 20 o C - 25 o C.

- Rain - humidity: Ha Long is one of the rainy regions in the North with an average rainfall of 1800-2000mm/year, but the spatial distribution is very different. The average annual rainfall in the area is from 2000mm to 2400mm. The rainy months are from May to September.

d. Plants

Due to favorable climate and terrain conditions, the flora of Quang Ninh province is quite rich, with components belonging to many different migration streams such as natural forest vegetation, man-made vegetation, landscape and biodiversity.

e. Natural resources

Quang Ninh in general and Ha Long in particular have extremely rich natural resources. The prominent mineral resources are coal and limestone. Not only that, Ha Long also has extremely famous tourism and human resources, which is the world natural heritage Ha Long Bay.

2.1.1.1. Socio-economic and environmental conditions

a. Socio-economic conditions

Ha Long is a peak of the northern industrial triangle of Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh. Coal mining has been established for a long time and has become a strength of the city with many large coal mines: Ha Tu, Ha Lam, Tan Lap, Nui Beo and dozens of small mines, each year exploiting over 10 million tons of various types of coal. Associated with the coal mines are screening plants, mechanical engineering, transportation enterprises and ports.

Ha Long strongly develops shipbuilding industry, construction materials production, seafood processing.

Ha Long City is a major trading center. Its main exports are coal and seafood, while its imports are petroleum, mining machinery, iron and steel, and means of transport. Ha Long is a hub for trading industrial goods, food, and foodstuffs for production and consumption in the mining and tourism industries.

Ha Long is a tourist city; the largest tourist center in the North and the number of tourists ranks second after Ho Chi Minh City.

b. Environmental conditions

Ha Long City has Ha Long Bay, a World Natural Wonder, and preserving the value of the wonder must be a top priority. The bay’s environment, from the belt, buffer zone to the outcrop, must be strictly protected. Because Ha Long is a city that develops tourism and the coal mining industry, environmental issues are given great attention.

Currently, the city has a clear plan: Bai Chay area, tourism development, where infrastructure is invested to serve tourism purposes, and coal production area concentrated in the north of Hon Gai area.

Tourism development is accompanied by a large amount of waste and wastewater. The problem of waste has been focused on by businesses, thoroughly collected, not affecting the urban beauty. In addition, the problem of collecting solid waste from residential areas is also implemented by wards and communes. Domestic wastewater from restaurants and hotels has been connected to the centralized wastewater treatment system in Cai Dam.

In Ha Long, the "smoke industry" goes hand in hand with the "smokeless industry". Previously, the environmental pollution in Ha Long city was always a serious problem .

received attention from the people and the government because coal companies are increasingly increasing their capacity.Mining efficiency, most mine wastewater and waste rock are acidic, high turbidity

are all dumped directly into the bay without any treatment process. At the portsCoal, the transportation and loading of coal in the "absolute protection zone" still exists.Many large tonnage ships coming to receive coal could not enter the port and had to use measures.transport, so a lot of coal spilled into Ha Long Bay. However, due to thedirection of departments of Quang Ninh province and Ha Long city, currently, the environment

The city's schools have been significantly improved. Open-pit coal mining has beenminimize to limit environmental pollution. Vinacomin has invested in buildingworks, centralized mine wastewater treatment systems. Coal mining is notalso spread across the city but concentrated in some areas such as Ha Lam,Ha Trung, Ha Tu.

2.1.2. Cam Pha City

2.1.2.1. Natural conditions

Cam Pha city is located about 200 km northeast of Hanoi capital, 30 km from Ha Long city, with geographical coordinates from 20 o 58'10 - 21 o 12' north latitude, 107 o 10' - 107 o 23'50 east longitude.

Cam Pha City has a natural area of ​​486.45 km², the terrain is mainly mountainous. Mountains and hills account for 55.4% of the area, midlands 16.29%, plains 15.01% and sea areas account for 13.3%. Offshore are hundreds of small islands, mostly limestone islands. The average annual temperature is about 23 degrees Celsius , the average humidity is 84.6%, the annual rainfall is 2,307 mm, and there is often fog in winter.[12]

2.1.2.1. Socio-economic and environmental conditions

Cam Pha City has a lot of potential for economic development such as coal mining and processing industry, construction materials production, mechanics, electrical equipment manufacturing, mining machines, heavy trucks, shipbuilding industry, trade services, tourism... In 2011, the economic growth rate was over 14%, the city's budget revenue was 751 billion VND, and the average income per capita reached 2,300 USD.

The main mineral reserve of Cam Pha is coal, with a total estimated potential of over 3 billion tons out of the total 8.4 billion tons of coal reserves of the entire Quang Ninh province. Cam Pha has a railway system for transporting coal running along the city to transport coal to Cua Ong Coal Selection Plant, large coal mines such as Coc Sau, Deo Nai, Cao Son, Mong Duong, Khe Cham, Duong Huy, Thong Nhat. In addition, other minerals such as antimony, limestone, and mineral water are all rare resources. The limestone mountains in Cam Pha are an abundant source of raw materials for the development of cement, thermal power, and construction materials industries, with the Cam Pha Cement Factory. Cam Pha city has a seafood exploitation industry with more than 50 km of coastline, but mainly inshore fishing, with low output.[3]

Cam Pha City is one of the major coal mining centers in the country, so the amount of soil, rock, wastewater and dust discharged into the environment every year is very large. In order to overcome the negative impacts caused by coal mining activities, in recent times

The coal industry has continuously invested and innovated technology for environmental protection (EP) in this area. To promote dust reduction, up to now, Vinacomin has also completed the pilot construction of 1 automatic car wash station at Coc Sau Coal Joint Stock Company and 2 car wash stations at Cua Ong Coal Selection Company. Based on the existing stations, experiences will be drawn to continue investing in car wash stations on the roads from the mines and coal ports. The goal is that after 2020, all vehicles will be washed before entering urban areas. In recent years, in some localities in the city, land subsidence has occurred, creating large holes that people often call "death holes". Other environmental problems arising from coal mining activities include dust, impact on groundwater, surface water, erosion, and leaching from waste dumps when the rainy season comes.

2.2. Research time

Research period: February – May 2013

2.3. Research subjects

Research subjects: sources of dust emissions causing air pollution: open-pit mining (excavation, excavation, blasting, etc.), transportation of waste rock and soil, products, dumping at waste dumps, unloading of coal at ports, production stages at screening plants, etc.

Sources of mine wastewater: water from mines, from screening, water from mines, rainwater flowing through the mine...

Characteristics of waste sources and waste. Measures to reduce waste sources.

2.4. Methodology

- System analysis: explore the natural, economic and social systems of Ha Long City and Cam Pha City.

- Pressure: coal mining and production activities in Ha Long City and Cam Pha City cause pollution of land, water, air, ecosystems, affecting human life.

- Current status of the impact of coal production in the key areas of Ha Long and Cam Pha cities of Quang Ninh province on the environment in the region.

- Impact of dust and wastewater in coal production process on environment and human life.

- Respond to the use of economic tools, laws, and new production technologies to propose measures to reduce environmental pollution caused by coal production activities.

2.5. Research methods

2.5.1. Field investigation and survey methods:

- Collect existing data on the environmental status of Ha Long City and Cam Pha City.

- Design and investigate using questionnaires, synthesize existing information and data on sources of environmental pollution.

2.5.2. Method of collecting documents

- Collect documents at the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Quang Ninh, Department of Environmental Crime Prevention Police - Quang Ninh Provincial Police.

- Documents collected for the report:

+ EIA of coal mines in key areas: Nui Beo mine, Cao Son mine, Coc Sau mine.

+ Periodic environmental monitoring reports of coal mines in the area.

+ Annual environmental assessment and summary reports of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Quang Ninh.

2.5.3. Rapid assessment method with people's participation

Quick assessment of air quality and coal transport volume at the coal transport route of Nam Cau Trang coal port in zone 6, Hong Ha ward, Ha Long city.

2.5.4.Environmental monitoring methods

Equipment and methods for water environment monitoring

TT

Target	Method	Device
1	Temperature	Fast measurement on site according to QCVN05:2009/BTNMT	Water quality rapid meter: WATERPROOF pH Testr 10
2	pH	Fast measurement on site according to QCVN05:2009/BTNMT	Water quality rapid meter: WATERPROOF pH Testr 10
3	TSS	Mass measurement according to QCVN08:2008/BTNMT, QCVN09:2008/BTNMT, QCVN24:2009/BTNMT	Binder drying oven, ED53 (Germany) Analytical balance 10 -4
4	COD	Determine the amount of oxygen consumed to completely oxidize organic compounds by the method chemistry.	Palintest Burner (UK) Automatic titration device TITRONIC96 (Germany)
5	BOD 5	Measure oxygen consumption after 5 days.	BOD TS 606 – G2 WTW thermostatic cabinet

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• Evaluating customer satisfaction with savings deposit services at National Citizen Commercial Joint Stock Bank NCB Tan Huong Transaction Office - 3
• Research on the treatment of seafood wastewater by electrocoagulation method combined with USBF - 19 tank
• Revenue Forecast of Nam Viet Corporation 2014 Using Brown Method

2.5.5. Comparison method

To assess the level of pollution​

environment , Thesis on the use of standards

environmental engineering below for comparison and evaluation:

+ TCVN 5949:1998: Acoustics, noise in public and residential areas.

+ QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT: Technical regulations on ambient air quality .

national quality

g no time

+ QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on quality

air - Maximum allowable concentration of a gas in an environment.

number of toxic substances

air pollution​

+ QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on surface water quality .

+ QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on water quality

beach​

water​​

+ QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT: National technical regulation on industrial wastewater

+ Circular No. 07/2007/TT-BTNMT dated July 3, 2007 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment guiding the classification and deciding the list of facilities causing environmental pollution that need to be handled.