Psychological Basis of Division of Labor and Cooperation.

laws such as: Matter - consciousness, infrastructure - superstructure, social existence - social consciousness... to observe and study the mutual influences that affect human personality. It can be said that relying on Marxist materialist methodology allows us to have a basis in advanced scientific premises to approach research, helping us to build accurate scientific conclusions.

1.2.2 Observation method

Observation method is a method of studying the external manifestations of human psychology (actions, gestures, language, facial expressions, postures, relationships, ways of working...) occurring in normal human activities to conclude about internal psychological processes. Observation can be conducted in a synthetic or selective way. Synthetic observation is carried out according to a planned and systematic program within a certain period of time. It is often used to conclude about an ideological problem or a certain psychological characteristic. Selective observation focuses only on a number of events and phenomena related to the research problem. Selective observation focuses only on one aspect or a certain element for research. Observation can be done directly with the subject or indirectly through other people or documents. In addition to using the senses to collect documents, people also use supporting tools such as: recording, photography, filming and other measuring devices. The observation method has great advantages in research. It collects rich, accurate and authentic documents. But its disadvantage is that it depends on the subjective reasoning of the observer and is passive in following the events that take place.

1.2.3 Conversation method

The conversation method is a method of collecting information about psychological manifestations of people in work through the conversation of the participants. A conversation that is highly effective must create an atmosphere of intimacy, sincerity, and mutual trust. Through conversation, we can clearly see the views, thoughts, intentions, attitudes, etc. of the conversationalists. In order for the conversation to achieve the right purpose of the research, we must comply with the following requirements:

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- Clearly define the purpose of the conversation.

- Before conducting a conversation, it is necessary to fully understand the psychological characteristics of the person you are talking to.

- Actively lead the story to the desired place.

- Avoid asking pre-written questions in a question-and-answer style, which leads to the subject answering mechanically without informational value.

- The story should have a controversial tone.

The conversation method has the great advantage of being simple, easy to conduct and obtaining rich information. But it has the disadvantage of depending on the subjective will of the conversationalist.

1.2.4 Psychological testing method

Psychological testing is the use of measuring tools to evaluate human psychology in each case, each specific condition. To fully study the nature of Human, we can use a series of psychological tests to evaluate certain levels of each Human and compare it with the requirements to see if it is satisfied. In practice, in training schools for gifted students, labor recruitment, and training recruitment, people often use psychological tests to measure the personality and capacity of individuals. People often use the following two basic types of tests:

a. Instrument test

Tests are tools to measure human capacity in a certain aspect. People design tests to measure the level of capacity in a certain area to compare and contrast with the requirements set forth such as:

- Vocational test to assess professional capacity.

- Skilled worker competition to evaluate labor capacity,

- Professional qualification exam to assess professional capacity.

- Test manual dexterity.

- Test the ability to distinguish colors of mat.

- Test human spatial imagination ability.

- Test to determine individual preferences for product color, size, and shape.

- Tests to measure hearing, vision...

The above tests are all designed into strict implementation processes on physical tools or drawings or participating in specific direct labor activities. Through the test results, we can conclude about individual capacity on certain factors that need to be measured.

b. Personal personality test

This is a test to determine psychological characteristics in human personality such as

strong, weak, introverted, extroverted, high or low creativity... These tests are often designed in the form of propositions to evaluate and through that evaluation to conclude about psychological characteristics. People often determine the propositions according to the following types:

Identifying propositions in true or false form: People state a proposition and then give people a choice. Statements are given in yes-no, true-false, like-dislike forms... for example, the extraversion psychology test has the proposition: you know where something is happening. If true, then you are an extravert, if not, then you are not an extravert.

Identify propositions according to different levels. Usually people give 3 levels: low, medium, high to be able to evaluate the psychological characteristics of people at what level, it can also be divided into 4 or 5 levels depending on the level of measurement for psychological characteristics. It is possible to design according to the selected options and assign points to each option and then summarize the points to evaluate the level of achievement of individuals, for example: due to the creativity of Humans, there is a proposition: After a certain story, can you immediately remember what was said?

A. Okay, not too difficult = 3 points.

B. Can't remember everything = 1 point.

C. Remember only what you care about = 2 points.

Note that when arranging questions and response options, it is important to understand the interface of the measurements so that the limits of clarity can be determined.

1.2.5 Questionnaire method

The questionnaire method is a method of collecting information through a system of questions and predetermined answers. The basic requirement of this method is to build a high-quality questionnaire. The advantage of the questionnaire method is that it collects clearly oriented information, information about the attitudes, opinions, and positions of workers. However, its disadvantage is that it takes a lot of time, money, and effort. The questionnaire is a collection of questions and answers that are systematically arranged on the basis of psychological and logical principles, in order to obtain the necessary content for the research topic. The investigator will collect information from the subject of the investigation according to the questionnaire. Thus, the questionnaire is also a means to contain and store information as a basis for further processing. Building a questionnaire is a very hard intellectual work, the quality of the questionnaire depends on the author's level and careful preparation in the stages of determining the topic and research objectives, building hypotheses, research models and operationalizing concepts. In the questionnaire, there are usually the following types of questions:

a. According to the content of the question, there are usually:

Questions that characterize a certain event or fact in a specific space and time (qualitative questions).

Questions expressing the wishes and assessments of individuals and groups about a certain issue (aspirational questions).

A question that aims to explain something (causal question).

b. According to the nature of the question often asked.

Open questions are questions that allow respondents to answer in their own way under certain special conditions. This type of question is often used for phenomena and processes that are not fully understood, and additional answers have provided aspects that the researcher does not know or does not fully understand. In addition, when it is necessary to check the completeness and quality of closed questions, people also use open questions. However, the disadvantage of open questions is that the answers often have many different meanings, especially polysemous words, making it difficult for researchers to determine the content of the answer. On the other hand, there can be many different ways of answering, making synthesis difficult.

Closed questions are questions that have pre-defined answer options, and the respondent can only consider, consider, and choose the answer that best suits his or her thinking from the options provided. The advantage of closed questions is that the answers are prepared so they are often unambiguous and focus on the research, making them easy to synthesize. However, this type of question is only suitable for clear issues, and the researcher has covered all the possible answers (if not covered all, we will miss the opportunity to gain new insights).

Combined questions: provide both ready-made answers and leave room for other opinions. This type of question is often used because it combines the advantages of the two types of questions above.

c. The layout of the questionnaire usually has three parts:

- The introduction includes the name of the questionnaire, the name of the research agency, an introduction stating the purpose of the research, explanations and instructions on how to answer. This part should be brief, easy to understand, and create trust for the respondents.

- The content section includes questions to collect information for the topic. The basic problem of this section is the order of the questions. Usually, questions about general things are placed first, specific things are placed later; simple things are placed first, complex things are placed later; general things are placed first, specific things are placed later; objective questions are placed first, questions touching on private aspects are placed later... In addition to the content questions, there are also test questions (repeat a question above or ask in a different way to see if there are any contradictions).

- The conclusion includes a few questions to end the investigation. These are usually questions about the subject's information: full name, age, address, work unit, position...

The presentation of the questionnaire should be bright and clear. Below the open questions, there should be appropriate space for filling in the answers. To the right of the closed questions, there should be squares for each answer to mark the chosen answer. The bottom part should have notes about the characteristics of the subjects: age, gender, occupation... The questionnaire should be anonymous so that the respondents do not feel shy.

In addition to the above methods, Labor Psychology also applies individual methods in specific situations such as: Document research method, questionnaire marking test and evaluation, matrix analysis, relationship analysis, error analysis...

CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY

- Overview of labor psychology;

- Research methods of labor psychology.

QUESTIONS, DISCUSSION SITUATIONS CHAPTER 1 Question 1: What is the subject of labor psychology?

A. People

B. Machine

C. Working environment

D. All of the above.

Question 2: Which of the following methods is not part of the research method of labor psychology?

A. Conversational method

B. Observation method

C. Fishbone method

D. Questionnaire method.

Question 3: Group exercise: Develop questions (10 questions per group) to assess psychology based on the content in the following questions.

- Questions that are specific to a certain event or fact in a specific space and time (qualitative questions).

- Questions expressing the wishes and assessments of individuals and groups about a certain issue (aspiration questions).

- A question to explain something (causal question).

CHAPTER 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF ORGANIZING THE LABOR PROCESS

Chapter 2 Introduction

This chapter helps learners understand the impact of human psychology on the work process, thereby knowing how to build a reasonable rest regime for workers.

The objectives of this chapter are:

 List some bases of labor psychology.

 Build a reasonable work and rest schedule.

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS CHAPTER 2

- For teachers: use active teaching methods (lecture, question and answer, problem-based teaching); ask students to do discussion questions and exercises in chapter 2 (individually or in groups).

- For learners: actively read the textbook (chapter 2) before class; complete all discussion questions and case studies for chapter 2 individually or in groups and submit them to the teacher on time.

CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING CHAPTER 2

- Specialized classrooms/workshops: No

- Equipment: Projectors and other teaching equipment

- Learning materials, tools, and supplies: Course curriculum, textbooks, reference materials, lesson plans, movies, and related documents.

- Other conditions: None

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW AND EVALUATION

- Content:

Knowledge: Test and evaluate all content stated in the knowledge objectives

Skills: Review and evaluate all content stated in the skill objective

Autonomy and responsibility: During the learning process, learners need to:

+ Study the lesson before coming to class

+ Prepare full learning materials.

+ Participate in full course duration.

+ Serious in learning process.

- Method:

Regular check points: none

Periodic theory test: none

CHAPTER 2 CONTENTS

2.1. PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND COOPERATION.

2.1.1 The significance of Psychology to division of labor and cooperation

Division of labor and cooperation in enterprises is one of the important contents of scientific labor organization. The trend of division of labor today is increasingly narrowing the specialization of workers with the emergence of many new manufacturing industries with modern and complex technology. The principle of division of labor and cooperation today must be considered from two perspectives: People must be suitable for machinery and equipment, machinery and equipment must be suitable for People. In the field of Psychology, the organization of the labor process is shown in the following two aspects:

- Method of performing work (technical aspect): The labor process is carried out thanks to the skills, techniques and professional level achieved by the worker.

- On the personal side: The labor process reflects the value of human life activities, is the means of living and existence of workers.

Therefore, implementing division of labor and cooperation today must not only pay attention to the technical aspect of labor, but must also pay full attention to the social psychology of workers to achieve two goals: labor productivity and prosperity and happiness for workers.

In the current period of increasingly strong development of science and technology, the trend of labor organization is taking place in the following direction:

- Physical waste is decreasing due to rapid mechanization and automation.

- The waste of mental energy is increasing due to the increasingly strong development of technology, machinery, equipment and management skills.

- Increasing nervous tension due to exposure to ever-increasing work speeds and ever-increasing precision.