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Percentage of Opinions on Tourism Activities Impact on Mt.


The beautiful landscape turned into bare, jagged hills during the construction phase, creating an unfinished picture that made everyone feel sorry for what they saw.

Table 4.7. Percentage of opinions assessing tourism activities affecting the environment

Unit: %

Opinion

Local people (n=10)

Tourists (n=50)

Many influences

50

44

Have influence

50

54

Little impact

0

2

No effect

0

0

Total

100

100



Source: Investigation and synthesis

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Figure 4.11. Area under construction of tourist resort on Hon Tam Island

Source: Hoang Kim Anh


- Environmental problems caused by tourism activities in Nha Trang Bay: according to chart 4.12, the environmental problem caused by tourism activities in Nha Trang Bay the most is the increase in garbage. To explain this, the interviewee said that the amount of garbage at Cau Da port is quite impressive, because the amount of garbage floating on the water surface is not collected, while Cau Da port is the first place tourists come to before going to the islands, this is also a matter of concern for environmental and tourism managers. Another activity that also causes

Of interest to tourists are the construction activities on the islands explained above.

Figure 4.12. Environmental problems caused by tourism activities affecting Nha Trang Bay


45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Unit:

Choices



Locals Tourists


Increased waste


Drainage

Untreated sea encroachment wastewater

direct disposal

Break the scene

mandarin

Generate dust, noise, odor

foul

other

Source: Investigation and synthesis


- Organizations and individuals are responsible for protecting the environment and ensuring local tourism development. Once again, tourists affirmed that the responsibility for protecting the environment and ensuring tourism development does not belong to any organization or individual but to all levels of departments, branches and communities, as clearly shown in Figure 4.13.


Figure 4.13. Individuals and organizations are responsible for protecting the environment and ensuring tourism development.


other

0

Unit: number of choices

the nh

the above

53


tourist

2

Environmental protection scientific research organizations

Owners of establishments and businesses located in the locality

1

2


Local organizations

6

Local government

5

Local people

3

0

10 20 30 40 50 60

Source: Investigation and synthesis


4.4. Impacts of tourism on Nha Trang Bay

Tourism exploitation and business activities have impacts on most forms of resources and the environment. However, tourism activities also create artificial tourism resources, forming completely human-controlled tourism environments, which is the characteristic of tourism activities. The impacts of tourism activities on the environment are two-sided, they simultaneously support and react to each other:


 Positive impact is to create good results for the rational use and recovery of resources, and at the same time create the basis for sustainable environmental development;

 Negative impacts are waste, resource consumption, and environmental degradation.

The impacts of tourism activities on resources and the environment can be direct impacts, or indirect impacts through chain reactions in nature that change natural elements.

Nha Trang Bay is also not exempt from the impacts of tourism and other activities in the bay. Externalities, whether positive or negative, direct or indirect, also bring about problems that humans cannot foresee and calculate.

After Nha Trang Bay was recognized as one of the 29 most beautiful bays in the world, and was ranked as a National Monument by the Ministry of Culture and Information on February 2, 2007, the People's Council of Khanh Hoa province issued Resolution: 01/2007 approving the overall development of Khanh Hoa tourism until 2010, including the proposal to build Nha Trang Bay into a national tourist area and will be one of the leading coastal tourist areas in Vietnam. Thus, along with the strengths of the huge benefits brought by the tourism industry, this is also the thing that puts a lot of pressure on the environment of the Bay.

4.4.1. About resources

Tourism has brought Khanh Hoa a large amount of income, changing the lives of people in the whole province. Currently, the tourism and service industry contributes nearly 40% of the GDP of the whole province. The tourism industry alone has created jobs for thousands of workers. Creating conditions for Nha Trang in particular and Khanh Hoa in general to have a modern urban appearance and a dynamic business environment, with great attraction for national and international investment projects in tourism. The development of the tourism industry also leads to significant development of private service industries, meeting all the requirements of tourists.

To develop tourism for the purposes of relaxation and entertainment, investors with projects worth hundreds of billions with initiatives to level mountains and islands, and fill in land.


The sea to build tourism business projects, not only on the coast but also on a large scale on the island, in the Nha Trang Bay conservation area. For convenience and to create artificial beauty, roads and public works are also built along the narrow strip of land along the coast. The coastal sand strips along the city have been significantly narrowed, there are areas with almost no sand banks left (specifically the sandbank on Pham Van Dong Street). Tourism development projects have been polluting Nha Trang Bay, construction units have dumped hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of earth and rock to fill the coast, causing the construction areas to be deformed and no longer retain their original natural state. Marine ecosystems in the Dam Gia (Hon Tre) and Hon Tam areas have been destroyed by dumping soil and rocks directly into the sea during construction, burying seagrass and corals underneath along with other marine ecological values ​​in the area, affecting a large area around due to increased sedimentation, killing corals in the Bay and changing the flow. Or the Song Lo sea area in the south of Nha Trang Bay has also been encroached upon and filled. Here, in addition to the area of ​​more than 170 hectares assigned to the Song Lo tourism and entertainment project, Hoan Cau Company Limited was leased an additional 148 hectares of sea surface. This company has arbitrarily filled the sea with an area of ​​30,000 m2 and dredged mud to build the sea bank to encroach on the sea by about 20,000 m2.

In addition, biodiversity in the bay is reduced not only due to the anchoring of boats for tourists to go to the islands, or diving to see corals, but also due to the demand for souvenirs and folk remedies from marine creatures such as corals, sea turtles, seahorses, etc. by tourists, which has stimulated exploitation by people and thereby affected the damage of rare creatures.

4.4.2. About the environment

The current trend of tourism development is towards natural environments such as diving in coral reefs. Nha Trang Bay stands out from other tourist areas for its abundance of colorful coral reefs, which attracts more tourists (especially international tourists), but these things will lead to the destruction of the natural environment on which tourism activities are based. Many divers as well as anchors from tourist boats have damaged fragile structures.


The fragile coral reefs, while wastewater and solid waste from tourism activities pollute the marine environment. According to research by the Nha Trang Institute of Oceanography, in 1994, 52.4% of coral reefs were covered, but by 2005, this figure had dropped to only 21.2%, an average annual decrease of 2.8%. Nha Trang Bay is increasingly under heavy pressure from human activities, coral areas have been exploited or destroyed with little or no recovery after a period of up to 50 years.

The economic costs of coral destruction are difficult to calculate because they involve not only the loss of the renewable resource base but also the loss of the protective value of the coral reef base (known as the reef). For example, in the Republic of Maldives, land reclamation on the reef facing the Indian Ocean in front of the capital island city of Male resulted in flooding and destruction during the 1987 cyclone. Under natural conditions, much of the wave energy would have been dissipated on the coral and would have resulted in less flooding. Based on this, a long water barrier was constructed on the shore of the reef at a cost of US$12,000/m. This cost reflects the economic value of the protection that the reef system can afford to provide.

In addition, according to the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area Management Board, every day the bay receives 10 tons of waste that pollutes the marine environment and surrounding landscape. This waste is discharged by more than 5,000 people living on the islands of Vung Ngan, Hon Mot, Dam Bay, Bich Dam (Vinh Nguyen ward); along with 6,000 aquaculture cages right in the bay and from fishing boats, tourists dumping waste, feces, and water from the ship's hold directly into the sea, not to mention the domestic waste of people living upstream along the Tac and Cai rivers that flow into the bay and almost all of this waste is not collected, treated, or if there is any, it cannot be completely collected due to the mobility of the waste.

During a field survey of some tours visiting the islands around Nha Trang Bay, it was found that most visitors were amazed by the beauty of Nha Trang Bay, however, there were still some tourists (mainly Vietnamese) who were not aware of protecting nature, openly spitting and vomiting due to drunkenness.


ships, or throwing garbage directly into the sea even though the tour staff had instructed them to put the garbage in the trash bins on the boat. It is worth mentioning that when these actions took place, the tour staff did not give any reminders or pay attention to the tourists' actions. This is a common situation of all small private tours, mainly exploiting tourist activities to serve tourists, not focusing on promoting environmental quality.

How the school is preserved and maintained. For foreigners, they admire

Admiring the beauty of nature and having a respectful attitude, seriously implementing the protection of nature, this is the attitude that we should learn.

Thus, the consequences of habitat degradation - a highly sensitive coastal ecosystem - caused by pollution and other human interventions are increasing rates of population decline, genetic diversity and fish stock adaptation. The greatest threat to fish populations arises when overfishing and habitat degradation combine. The destruction of natural habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves that serve as spawning and feeding grounds for marine species is a matter of concern.

The exploitation and use of tourism resources have raised many issues that need to be addressed by competent authorities and managers and adjusted promptly. The excessive concentration of tourists at tourist attractions in the inner city of Nha Trang such as the beach area on Tran Phu Street, Ponagar Tower, Long Son Pagoda, etc. has been and is causing environmental degradation in these areas. In addition, the chaotic opening of shops and businesses at most tourist attractions, especially street vendors on Nha Trang beach, has reduced the beauty of Nha Trang city and affected the landscape and tourism environment.

The negative impacts of tourism not only directly damage, reduce profits and reputation of the tourism industry, their main source of income, but also affect other activities such as fishing and aquaculture of local people or of people with other purposes in the Bay. These challenges require plans to establish large multi-use protected areas with integrated management systems that stipulate different levels of protection throughout the protected area. This is also what


Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area Management Board is making efforts to implement and draw lessons to apply and replicate to many other marine protected areas in Vietnam.

4.5. Environmental management of Nha Trang Bay

Faced with challenges and pressures caused by human activities on the environment, local authorities have made great efforts to minimize pollution as much as possible. Many policies, laws, conservation and development projects have been established to address environmental issues in Nha Trang Bay.

The issue of protecting natural resources is the responsibility of all departments, all levels, all establishments and all people. However, natural resources are still public goods, so there needs to be agencies that take direct responsibility for the issue.

this. in

national level, there are some

State agency responsible for

protect assets

natural resources such as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. In which, the Ministry of Fisheries is assigned the task of directly managing Vietnam's marine protected areas.

At the provincial level, Khanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee is responsible for coordinating all activities taking place in the province according to national policies, including the management of Nha Trang Bay MPA. Khanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee performs state management functions through organizations representing specialized ministries in the province, such as specialized departments such as the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, etc. These departments directly direct the implementation of national policies in the province. Khanh Hoa Department of Fisheries is a state agency at the provincial level responsible for the professional expertise in the conservation and sustainable development of aquatic resources in Khanh Hoa province. Administratively, Khanh Hoa Department of Fisheries is under the direct management of Khanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee; professionally, Khanh Hoa Department of Fisheries is under the direction of the Ministry of Fisheries. Nha Trang Bay MPA Management Board is responsible for developing and implementing sustainable development plans within the assigned territory under the direct supervision of Khanh Hoa Department of Fisheries. The function of the Management Board is to continue implementing the Hon Mun KBTB project and, together with relevant forces, to monitor activities to protect the landscape, environment and biodiversity in the bay. In addition, other functions of the

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