The Structure of Physical Ability of Middle School Students

solidarity and responsibility; self-awareness, actively applying what has been learned to participate in physical education and sports activities; fostering sports talent" [ 4].

Knowledge objectives: Physical Education helps students know how to take care of their health and personal hygiene; form the habit of exercising to improve health; through physical games and physical training, form basic motor skills, develop physical qualities, as a basis for comprehensive development. Students can choose physical education and sports activities that are suitable for their physical strength and the school's ability to respond.

Skill objectives : Help students consolidate and develop basic health care, personal hygiene and movement skills, exercise habits and physical education skills.

Attitude goal : Forming students' self-awareness, actively applying what they have learned to participate in physical education and sports activities. Forming the habit of regular physical education and sports and a healthy lifestyle, agile style, discipline, team spirit and moral qualities, and will.

1.3.2. Structure of physical capacity of junior high school students

The Physical Education program helps students form and develop physical capacity with the following components: health care capacity, basic movement capacity, and sports activity capacity. The requirements for physical capacity are shown in the following table:

Table 1.1. Physical capacity of secondary school students

Teaching capacity

physical education

Secondary School

Health care

- Forming a habit of personal hygiene and hygiene in physical exercise.

- Have basic knowledge and awareness of implementing a nutritional regimen in exercise and daily life to protect and improve health.

- Actively participate in collective activities in a natural environment

natural to exercise

Basic movement

- Understand the important role of basic motor skills in developing physical qualities.

- Perform basic motor skills learned in the curriculum.

- Forming exercise habits to develop qualities

physical

Sports activities

- Understand the role and significance of sports for the body and life.

- Choose and regularly practice appropriate sports to improve health and develop physical strength.

- Participate responsibly and get along with the group in the group

exercise and other activities in life.

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[General physical education program (Issued with Circular No. 32/2018/TT-BGDDT dated December 26, 2018 of the Minister of Education and Training)]

1.3.3. Content of physical education activities according to competency approach

Physical education activities in secondary schools include two basic forms: curricular physical education and extracurricular sports activities. Therefore, physical education in secondary schools has the following basic contents:

Organize physical education classes according to the curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and Training.

Organize training and test physical training standards according to age once a year.

Organize physical training activities in curricular and extracurricular hours to practice basic motor skills for the development of physical qualities.

Choose and regularly practice appropriate sports content to improve health, develop physical strength for students, and foster sports talents for students.

Based on the actual conditions of the locality and the school, organize for students to choose one of the sports content suitable for their personal characteristics and age: Athletics; Gymnastics; Swimming; Soccer; Volleyball; Basketball; Badminton; Shuttlecock; Table tennis; Martial arts; Sports dance; Aerobics; Traditional local sports;...

Through physical education activities in schools, students are oriented towards sports trends, favorite fields or choosing favorite sports and types of sports training to train and protect the physical health of the young generation.

Through participation in various types of physical training and sports activities, positive attitudes towards physical training and sports activities and physical education activities are formed in learners. Learners have the skills and manners to seriously train and protect their own health.

According to the regulations of the General Education Program approved by the Ministry of Education in April 2017, Physical Education became a compulsory subject, and Physical Education was designed into modules. Therefore, determining the content of physical education for students according to the TCL is very important and necessary, and is the basis for schools to choose, design, build and develop school programs.

1.3.4. Methods and forms of physical education according to competency approach for students

- Physical education method based on competency approach for students:

+ Language method: This is the method of using various types of language to guide students in the process of teaching physical education and sports to achieve the tasks and requirements in this activity. This method helps students clearly identify learning tasks; determine the right learning attitude; stimulate positive thinking; quickly understand and master the teaching content (knowledge, skills, techniques, physical strength); foster the ability to self-analyze and solve problems.

+ Question and answer method : That is, posing problems and questions for students to think about and answer by themselves first, then the teacher explains, making students pay more attention, actively find ways to answer correctly and use their own language to express. Even the students' answers and the teachers' explanations are a comparison, which can help to consolidate (strengthen) the correctness, correct mistakes, and supplement shortcomings. It is also necessary to pay attention to the necessity and timing of questions and answers. If you ask randomly, without distinguishing between main and secondary points, it will no longer be attractive to students.

+ Commands and instructions : Teachers use short language in the form of commands to direct students to practice. Commands and instructions must be clear, strong, timely, accurate, serious and consistent so that students feel serious and forced to do so.

+ Modeling movements: The teacher (or designated student) performs the movements themselves as a model for other students to learn and practice. This helps students understand the image, structure, technique, and completion method, in order to build a symbol of movement for students. The model movement must be beautiful, natural, and rhythmic; so as to arouse students' interest in imitating and learning.

+ Complete teaching method : This is the method of learning the entire movement from beginning to end. Its advantage is that it is convenient for students to grasp.

complete movements, without breaking the structure or internal connection between the parts of the movement. However, it is impossible to learn difficult, complex movements quickly, so these methods are only used when teaching relatively simple movements or relatively complex movements that, if divided, would break the structure of the movement.

+ Methods to prevent and correct wrong movements: In physical education and sports, making mistakes while learning movements is a normal phenomenon. Teachers need to have the right perspective to prevent and correct them well. In physical education and sports, preventing and correcting mistakes in movements is not only to grasp knowledge and movement techniques but also to create conditions for good physical training and injury prevention.

If you let a wrong movement form a dynamic and then correct it, it will take more time and effort than learning a new equivalent movement. Therefore, you must promptly prevent and correct mistakes.

+ Training method : It is a method of physical movement combined with repeated thinking activities to complete specific physical education teaching tasks. In physical education teaching, to grasp movements, train the body, improve physical strength, cultivate qualities and psychology... all must be done through doing movements many times and thinking activities. Therefore, this type of method is very important in carrying out physical education teaching tasks.

+ Methods of training through games and competitions: In the method of training through games (abbreviated as the game method), students practice according to the game method. It has a certain plot and ideology, and is competitive and fun, so it is easy to attract, making the trainees self-conscious, positive, and proactive in practicing; enhancing sympathy, solidarity, and support among people on the same side and fierce competition, even tension, and attraction among players. That competitive activity often takes a lot of energy (amount of exercise). This method easily promotes the positivity of students.

development of both physical and mental strength and the ability to apply knowledge and skills (especially basic motor skills); fostering team spirit, courage, determination and will to strive.

- Form of organizing physical education according to competency approach:

Any form and educational activity organized within the school has the meaning of educating students or about scientific/social knowledge; or is the student's personal experience of a certain type of activity, difficulty requiring learners to make efforts to mature such as social skills, organization, etc. In that process, activities are designed based on the educational goals to be achieved, the characteristics of the needs and interests of the students. This process includes both training and physical education activities for students such as: perseverance, some basic motor qualities such as agility, liveliness, quick reflexes, etc. and so the following forms are often organized within the school to have the effect of physical education for high school students: Organizing labor activities; Collective activities; Cultural and artistic activities and sports.

+ Regular school hours: Is the most basic form of physical education conducted in the school's study plan. Because of the basic physical and sports training for students, first of all, there must be appropriate content to develop physical qualities and motor coordination for students. At the same time, help them have a certain level to absorb sports and physical exercise techniques.

Therefore, the physical education curriculum hours are administrative and legal regulations for students and teachers. That is, the curriculum hours have prescribed time and quality assessment methods according to the regulations of the Ministry of Education and Training.

+ Extracurricular study hours - extracurricular physical training: Is the training process of a group of students who have the need and interest in their free time with the purpose of developing physical capacity comprehensively, at the same time.

extracurricular activities are designed to reinforce and complement the regular lessons and are conducted during students' self-study hours under the guidance of physical education teachers or physical education instructors.

In addition, there are mass sports activities outside of school hours including: Practice in clubs, representative teams of each sport, daily anti-fatigue exercises, as well as self-practice hours for students, and self-practice movements to improve physical fitness.

+ Folk dance : This type of dance relies on beautiful and relatively popular movements to express beautiful, joyful emotions and physical movement. Folk dance does not have difficult movements, high artistic requirements but mainly aims to create joy and exercise the body. Therefore, folk dance is considered a very good, easy to perform, inexpensive means to enrich physical activities, promote exchange, expand and enhance feelings in the community.

+ Group dance: This type is preferred by most students. The dance movements here are often simple, consistent, combined with singing and music; many people can participate at the same time (sometimes singing and dancing at the same time). Through this, the body is trained, cultural and aesthetic level is improved, and exchanges, solidarity and friendship among people are expanded.

+ Competitive sports: as an important and attractive form of physical exercise, it is widely developed not only in high-level sports competitions, but also introduced into schools at all levels, in health training and entertainment facilities.

+ Individual training sessions: Individual training sessions are usually organized in the form of morning exercises, daily hygiene and walking exercises, self-training sessions in the direction of general training and sports training. It usually includes walking, running and some general development exercises performed for 8-10 minutes. The self-training session must be structured like the main class time.

It should be emphasized that individual self-training is only effective when the practitioner has some necessary knowledge about the general theory and methods of physical education; first of all, about regular school hours.

+ Voluntary group training sessions: Typical voluntary group training sessions include: games, competitions. The organizers and leaders of these types of training sessions are elected or appointed by the group members. The most common form of voluntary group training is physical games. According to the training trend, games can be divided into: learning - training games, health games, entertainment games, competition games such as soccer matches between groups of teenagers in the same locality. To compete well, children often organize their own training sessions.

+ Group training sessions : Training sessions under the control of teachers. Group training is often competitions, health improvement sessions during sports festivals.

1.3.5. Evaluation of physical education results according to the competency approach

Assessment of learning outcomes according to the competency-based approach should focus on the ability to creatively apply knowledge in different application situations. In other words, assessment based on competency is the assessment of knowledge, skills and attitudes in meaningful contexts. Assessment of students' learning outcomes for subjects and educational activities according to the process or at each learning stage is the main measure to determine the level of implementation of teaching objectives in terms of knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies, and at the same time plays an important role in improving students' learning outcomes.

To demonstrate that students have some level of competence, it is necessary to create opportunities for students to solve problems in practical situations. At that time, students must apply both the knowledge and skills learned at school and their own experiences gained from experiences outside of school (family, community and society) to solve problems.

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