New General Education Program, Natural Science Subject

more, so that students can be more active to find knowledge and apply it in practice.

In general schools, teaching by subject helps students actively find ways to solve problems. Knowledge is not taught separately but is organized in a system, so the knowledge they receive is concepts in a tightly related network. The level of understanding of students after the lesson is not only Understanding, Knowing, Applying but also knowing how to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate.

1.2.3.2. Experiential activities according to subject topics

Teaching in the direction of experience according to the subject is an activity organized outside of school hours to help students have the opportunity to participate in practical activities, interact directly with the subject of experience, students are immersed in social life will have more understanding, learn more communication experience, to increase their life experience, to practice to become a person with personality. Therefore, it can be understood that teaching in the direction of experience according to the subject is one of the activities of extracurricular education built on the guidance of teachers through a topic that teachers have integrated from lessons or subjects with the intersection of knowledge, skills...

Author Dinh Thi Kim Thoa said: "Thematic experience is the organization of educational activities following teaching and learning activities in class, is the way to connect theory with practice to create unity between perception and activities to develop students' comprehensive capacity" [26].

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Based on the position and role of experiential teaching, currently in the general education reform program, experiential teaching has become a compulsory program and a part of the comprehensive education process for students.

Thus, it can be understood that: Experiential activities according to subject topics are the process in which the teacher has the role of organizing, controlling, leading, and orienting learners to participate in experiential activities according to specific topics of the subject in order to promote the knowledge and experience of learners, helping learners to proactively practice, create knowledge for themselves, form skills and attitudes for themselves to meet the goals of teaching and learning activities.

Therefore, the process of organizing experiential activities according to subject topics needs to be designed based on students' experience and stimulate their interest and curiosity to motivate them to participate in experiential activities. In experiential activities, students' active and proactive participation in the experience is more important than the results of that process.

1.2.4. New general education program, natural science subject

1.2.4.1. New general education program

The general education program is a document that expresses the goals of general education, stipulates the requirements for students' qualities and abilities, educational content, educational methods and methods of evaluating educational results, serves as a basis for managing the quality of general education, and is also a commitment of the State to ensure the quality of the entire system and each general education institution.

The new general education program is the General Education Program issued in 2018, including the overall program and 27 subject programs and educational activities [6].

The new general education program has differences compared to the previous program:

Firstly, the new general education program is built according to the capacity development model, through basic, practical, modern knowledge and methods of activating activities and developing qualities and capacities that schools and society expect. According to this approach, the knowledge taught is not for its own sake.

Second, the new general education program clearly distinguishes two stages: basic education stage (from grade 1 to grade 9) and career-oriented education stage (from grade 10 to grade 12).

In the basic education stage, implementing the requirements of Resolution 29, Resolution 88 and Decision 404, the program integrates related contents of a number of subjects in the current program to form integrated subjects, streamlining, avoiding overlapping educational content, and reasonably reducing the number of subjects. At the same time, a number of subjects (Informatics and Technology, Informatics, Technology, Physical Education, Experiential Activities, Career Guidance Experiential Activities) are designed according to topics, creating conditions for students to choose topics that suit their interests and abilities.

During the career-oriented education stage, in addition to a number of compulsory subjects and educational activities, students study topics that are appropriate to their interests, abilities and career orientation.

Third, the new general education program pays more attention to the connection between the programs of classes and levels in each subject and between the programs of subjects in each class and level. The construction of the Comprehensive Program, which is being implemented for the first time in Vietnam, lays the foundation for this connection.

Fourth, the new general education program ensures a unified orientation and core, compulsory educational content for students nationwide, while empowering localities and schools with initiative and responsibility in selecting and supplementing some educational content and implementing educational plans suitable to the educational subjects and local and educational institution conditions, contributing to ensuring the connection of school activities with families, authorities and society.

1.2.4.2. Natural science

According to the new general education program [6], natural science is a subject built and developed on the foundation of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Earth Science.

Natural Science subjects form and develop in students natural science capacity, including the following components: natural science perception, natural exploration, application of knowledge and skills learned; at the same time, together with other subjects and educational activities, contribute to the formation and development of key qualities and general capacities, especially love of nature, scientific worldview, confidence, honesty, objectivity, attitudes towards the natural world in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development to become responsible citizens, cultured, diligent, creative workers, meeting the development needs of individuals and the requirements of the cause of building and protecting the country in the era of globalization and the new industrial revolution.

1.2.5. Experiential activities on natural science topics in secondary schools according to the new general education program

The research objects of natural sciences are objects, phenomena, processes, and basic properties of the existence and movement of the natural world. Therefore, in natural sciences, the most general principles and concepts of the natural world are integrated throughout the content streams. During the teaching process, the content streams are organized in such a way that they are integrated according to the principles of nature, while ensuring the internal logic of each content stream, thereby forming topics appropriate to each subject or interdisciplinary, ensuring the overlap in knowledge between lessons or subjects.

Natural Science is a science that combines theory and experimentation. Therefore, experience, practice, and experiments in the laboratory, subject classrooms, and in the field play an important role and significance, and are a typical form of teaching for this subject. Thereby, the ability to explore and discover

Students are formed and developed. Much natural science knowledge is very close to students' daily lives, this is a favorable condition to organize for students to experience, improve their ability to perceive scientific knowledge, the ability to explore, discover and apply scientific knowledge into practice. Natural science is always innovating to meet the requirements of modern life. Therefore, in the teaching process, teachers need to constantly update new scientific achievements, reflecting the progress of science, technology and engineering. This characteristic requires that experiential teaching of natural science must simplify descriptive content to organize students to explore and perceive scientific knowledge with principles, the basis for the process of applying science into practical life.

Thus, it can be understood that: Experiential activities on natural science topics in junior high schools according to the new general education program are activities that teachers organize for students to interact with experiential objects in natural science topics to promote students' knowledge and experience, help students proactively practice, create knowledge for themselves, form skills and attitudes for themselves to meet the goals of natural science, contributing to achieving educational goals according to the new general education program.

1.2.6. Managing experiential activities based on natural science topics for students in secondary schools according to the new general education program Managing experiential activities based on natural science topics for students in secondary schools according to the new general education program

Students in secondary schools are responsible for managing educational activities taking place at school to achieve educational goals, moving towards a new state of quality; and for managing the implementation of regulations and rules on teaching activities of teachers and learning activities of students.

Managing experiential activities according to natural science topics according to the new general education program is the purposeful, planned, and systematic impact of managers on teachers and learners through development solutions.

promote the effectiveness of management means such as: organizational apparatus and teaching staff, financial resources, material resources and information systems, teaching environment to achieve teaching goals.

Managing experiential activities on natural science topics for students is a process with a system that includes many factors such as: purpose, tasks, content, program, teaching activities of teachers with learning activities of students, testing, evaluating teaching and learning results,... Managing experiential activities on natural science topics for students is carried out by the school but it has interactive relationships and connections with other educational organizations, with families or agencies, cultural and scientific organizations, mass organizations in society, where students participate in organized learning and experience.

Thus, it can be understood that: Managing experiential activities according to natural science topics according to the new general education program in secondary schools is a combination of ways for managers to influence teachers and students in the school to achieve the goals of experiential education according to natural science topics for students, contributing to forming in learners the core qualities and competencies prescribed in the 2018 general education program.

1.3. Basic issues on experiential activities on natural science topics in secondary schools according to the new general education program

1.3.1. Objectives of experiential activities on natural science topics for secondary school students according to the new general education program

Along with other subjects, thematic experiential activities on Natural Science for secondary school students contribute to the goal of secondary school education, helping students develop physically and mentally; become active, confident learners, consciously choose careers and lifelong learners; have good qualities and necessary abilities to become responsible citizens,

Cultured, hardworking, creative workers who meet the needs of individual development and the requirements of building and defending the country in the era of globalization and the new industrial revolution.

Through thematic experiential activities on Natural Science for middle school students, it contributes to the formation and development of students' main qualities as stated in the General Education Program, including the qualities of patriotism, humanity, diligence, honesty, and responsibility. Thematic experiential activities on Natural Science for students contribute mainly to the formation and development of students' scientific worldview; play an important role in educating students in the qualities of confidence, honesty, objectivity, love of nature, respect and knowing how to apply the laws of nature, thereby knowing how to behave with the natural world in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development.

Experiential activities on the subject of Natural Science help students form and develop general competencies: autonomy and self-study, communication and cooperation, problem solving and creativity; contribute to the formation and development of a number of other competencies such as: language skills, calculation skills, technology skills, information technology skills; contribute to the development of lifelong learning skills. In addition, experiential activities on the subject of Natural Science help students form and develop professional competencies in understanding nature. Through teaching methods that actively promote learners' activities, emphasize the proactive process of acquiring scientific knowledge of students to form and develop practical skills and process skills: observation, asking questions and answering, reasoning, predicting, proving or refuting hypotheses through practice, experience, modeling, explaining, applying, synthesizing scientific knowledge to solve problems in life. Through the experiential activities of this subject, develop critical thinking in students; strengthen and develop communication skills and the ability to work cooperatively.

1.3.2. The role of experiential activities on natural science topics in secondary schools according to the new general education program

Experiential activities on the topic of Natural Science in secondary schools help students:

- Perception of natural science knowledge: Present, explain and apply core general knowledge about the structure, diversity, systematicity, laws of motion, interaction and transformation of the natural world; with scientific topics: matter and transformation of matter, living things, energy and physical transformation, calculation, Earth and sky; the role and appropriate behavior of humans towards the natural environment.

- Research and explore the natural world: Initially practice some basic skills in researching and exploring some objects and phenomena in the natural world and in life: observing, collecting information; predicting, analyzing, processing data; predicting research results; reasoning, presenting.

- Applying knowledge into practice: Initially applying scientific knowledge to some simple situations, describing, predicting, and explaining simple scientific phenomena. Behaving appropriately in some situations related to health issues of oneself, family, and community. Presenting personal opinions to apply learned knowledge to environmental protection, nature conservation, and sustainable development.

1.3.3. Natural science topics in secondary school

a) Substance and changes of matter: substances around us, structure of matter, chemical transformation of substances.

b) Living things: Diversity in organization and structure of living things, life activities, humans and health, organisms and environment, genetics, variation and evolution.

c) Energy and transformation: energy, physical processes, force and motion.

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