to the hydrological regime of the area. The groundwater level will decrease. The water volume of the Ca Lo River will also gradually decrease and increase the concentration of pollutants in Dam Va.
3.1.8. Determining the load-bearing capacity of the Dam
- The carrying capacity of the environment is the allowable limit that the environment can receive and absorb pollutants. That is the ability to withstand and self-clean the environment when pollutants appear. If the carrying capacity exceeds, the environment will no longer be able to self-clean and pollution will occur.
- Dam Va wastewater environment is polluted and at risk of environmental conflict.
- Dam Va water is affected by waste sources from industrial zones, factories, agricultural production processes, and domestic wastewater from people. According to environmental monitoring, the quality of Dam Va wastewater is affected by the main sources of pollution, which are metals from industrial sources and organic substances from production processes and people's daily lives. In particular, the sedimentation and accumulation of organic substances is also the main cause of pollution.
- Dam Va is the place that receives wastewater sources. Currently, Dam Va has reached the threshold of not being able to receive wastewater. Therefore, it is necessary to treat Dam Va water to serve irrigation purposes, towards preserving biodiversity in Dam Va.
3.2. Impact of Dam Va water pollution on the environment and human life
Dam Va flows through two districts, Me Linh and Dong Anh. It can be seen that the impact of Dam Va on the environment and human life in this area is very large. Specifically:
- Impact on agricultural production activities of people. The impact level of pollution can be seen in the form of tree death, reduced productivity, and reduced value of aquatic resources.
- Reduces biodiversity in the area: Pollution reduces the number of aquatic species including animals and plants such as shrimp, fish, livestock, crops, etc. According to a survey on the current status of Dam Va, due to sedimentation, pollution and overexploitation, there are currently only a few species living, mainly aquatic species such as lotus, water lily, duckweed.
Western, seaweed, fairy hair... Animals are also very few, including only small fish, snails, mollusks such as clams, mussels...
- Reduces the quality of water sources for agricultural production and other purposes. Dam Va water not only affects irrigation, but also affects the groundwater resources of the area.
- Increased diseases related to water pollution such as skin diseases, allergies...
- Affects people's quality of life and farmers' income.
- Increasing environmental conflicts, disrupting social order and security. Environmental conflicts include conflicts between people and businesses, between the Industrial Park Management Board and people, between people and authorities at all levels. Typically, conflicts stemming from pollution in Quang Minh Industrial Park have occurred (as mentioned above) and these conflicts tend to increase.
3.3. Application of ecological technology in treating surface water pollution in Dam Va
In ecological technology, the role of TSTV is shown as follows:
1. Provide a substrate for microorganisms to live: Microorganisms are the driving force of the treatment process. Microorganisms have the ability to assimilate nutrients in wastewater, thereby reducing the risk of pollution.
2. Create conditions for nitrification and denitrification: This is the process of assimilating organic matter, reducing eutrophication in water bodies.
3. Water and pollutant transformation: Pollutants in polluted water are changed due to the use of nutrients by microorganisms and TSTV.
4. Using nutrients into biomass: The process of using nutrients into biomass is the process of growth and development of microorganisms and TSTV.
5. Light source: The presence of TSTV helps regulate water temperature and prevent the growth of algae groups, thereby limiting large fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) between day and night.
The water purification process progresses as follows:
1. Microorganisms form biofilms on the surface of TSTV (1).
2. Then, microorganisms decompose organic substances in water and clarify the water (2).
3. TSTV absorbs nutrients such as N, P (3).
In nature, the use of TSTV for wastewater treatment can be carried out in canals with a depth of 20-50 cm or in ponds and lagoons with a depth of 50-200 cm. To determine the plant species for wastewater treatment, it is necessary to consider the growth characteristics, resistance of the plant, and environmental factors. In addition, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the wastewater, the quality requirements of the effluent, the type of aquatic system, the pollution removal mechanism, the selection of the process, the design of the process, and the reliability of the process (Greenway, 2003; Silvana, 1994).
TSTV absorbs nutrients in water during growth to create biomass, at the same time the roots and stems of TSTV are the substrate for microorganisms to adhere to and function.
The role of microorganisms is very valuable in the assimilation of organic substances in surface water.
In addition, all three factors of microalgae, TSTV, and microorganisms participate in metabolic processes. This process occurs continuously under the influence of external factors such as temperature, light, air, flow, sources of discharge into water, water environment...
1
2
3
Polluted water
Microorganism
Light helps the photosynthesis and metabolism of microalgae and TSTV. Air, wind, currents... affect the water environment through the diffusion of oxygen into the water. Waste sources increase the concentration of substances in the water, change the water environment (pH, increase turbidity, decrease light transmittance...), and affect the activities of factors in the water.
Microalgae | |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Environmental impact assessment of Thanh Minh industrial cluster infrastructure investment project, Phu Tho town, Phu Tho Province - 2
TSTV | |
Figure 3.5. Process of cleaning polluted water. Process of converting organic matter by aerobic bacteria:
(C,O,H,N,S) + O 2 + Aerobic bacteria → CO 2 + NH 3 + H 2 S + other products + energy In which C, O, H, N, S are the elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
exists in organic compounds present in water.
The products in the aerobic process above are the source of nutrients for microalgae growth.
TVTS
Figure 3.6. Nutrient synthesis cycle in Dam Va
Algae use sunlight, take CO2 in water to synthesize and release oxygen into the environment in the pond, leading to good water color (usually green), rich in oxygen... Algae at this time plays the role of "natural biological filter factory", directly absorbing all excess products, final products of organic decomposition, toxic gases,... converting them into less toxic forms or decomposing them into other simple and harmless substances.
Organic waste
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
New individuals
Oxidation by bacteria
Photosynthesis of plants
New bacterial individuals
CO 2 +H 2 O +NH 4
Chlorophyll
Solar energy
Figure 3.7. Bacteria-algae symbiotic cycle in wastewater treatment system (Chongrak, 1989)
3.4. TVTS species used for surface water pollution treatment at Dam Va
3.4.1. Selected TSTV species
3.4.1.1. Selected species:
Table 3.4. Selected TSTV species
Status
Plant species | |||
Vietnamese name | Scientific name | Describe | |
1. | Spinach | Ipomoea Aquatica | Biology, ecology: The tree flowers and bears fruit in April. 9. Grows in flooded areas and floats on the water surface. Distribution: Common throughout the country. Appears in tropical regions around the world. Length from 20cm or more, hollow cylindrical stem, with roots growing from the nodes. Purple flowers bloom in late summer. Stems have axillary stalks, can be planted by top. |
2. | Buffalo Roar | Enydra fluctuans Lou. | Biology, ecology: The tree flowers and bears fruit in April. 11. Grows in flooded areas and floats on the water surface. Distribution: Common in the plains and midlands of the country. Appears in India, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, |
Indonesia, Malaysia 20-80cm long, roots grow from the nodes. Leaves grow opposite, edges have small teeth, inflorescence is hemispherical, without stalk in leaf axils, top | |||
3. | Water hyacinth, family Water Hyacinth | Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart) Solms. | Biology, ecology: Grows in flooded areas and floats on water surface Distribution: Nationwide Grass floating on the water surface, 30-50cm high, horizontal stem with nodes. Leaves grow at the base, arranged in lotus shape or grow in the axil, petioles are large, spongy, leaf blades are intact, nearly round, smooth and shiny. Inflorescence is shiny, grows at the top, many flowers. Flowers are bisexual, fruit is capsule, ovoid, many seeds. |
4. | Watercress | Rorippa Nastuticum | Biology, ecology: Growing in ponds, wetlands Distribution: Throughout the country in the plains and midlands Floating plant, large, dark green leaves, spongy stem |
3.4.1.2. Reason for selection:
- Native species, adaptable, resistant to changes in living conditions. These species include Chinese cabbage, water fern, water fern, and water spinach, which are plant species present in the area and have the ability to adapt quickly during use.
- Good treatment efficiency, these species can be applied in practice with simple models, continuous and long-term operation.
- Good processing performance, no other impact on the environment.
- Use repeatedly, long term.
3.4.2. Evaluation of TSTV processing capability
3.4.2.1. Role and efficiency of eutrophication removal:
According to the Summary Report of the independent state-level project "Research and assessment of the current status of water pollution and toxic algae in Nui Coc Lake (Thai Nguyen); proposing solutions for comprehensive management of lake water" , code DTĐL.2009T/08; project leader Dr. Tran Van Tua (Department of Hydrobiology - Institute of Environmental Technology), the ability to remove eutrophic factors depends on the growth ability of TSTV. Growth ability is directly proportional to the ability to remove N, P. Thus, the process of removing eutrophic substances depends largely on growth ability. The better the growth ability, the lower the concentration of eutrophic substances.
The growth of TSTV species is influenced by many external factors, including nutritional factors such as Nitrogen and phosphorus. Plants assimilate N in the form of NH 4 + and NO 3 - ; and P in the form of PO 4 3- .
Effective treatment of eutrophic substances under high concentration conditions with parameters
basic:
- TN: 2.4-3.8mg/l
- TP: 0.3-0.4mg/l
- Chla (Cyanobacteria biomass): 169-262μg/l
- Water temperature is around 20-25 0 C
- Natural outdoor light
Experiment with water spinach (Photo taken at the experimental area 18 Hoang Quoc Viet) | Experiment with Buffalo Hornbeam (Photo taken at testing area 18 Hoang Quoc Viet) |
Experiment with Water Hyacinth (Family of Water Hyacinth) (Photo taken at the experimental area 18 Hoang Quoc Viet) |
Microalgae testing in the environment water (Photo taken at test site 18 Hoang Quoc Viet) |
