and efficiency assessment criteria. The thesis will calculate the efficiency of each program for each economic zone to obtain a picture of the overall investment efficiency for program investment activities in economic zones.
On that basis we will evaluate the overall effectiveness of investment projects in economic zones.
4.3.1.1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the program to stabilize agricultural and forestry production associated with product processing
The main purpose of the agricultural and forestry production stabilization program associated with product processing is to create sustainable development for a residential area, for example, investing in areas that stimulate local economic development, providing technical support to local people, etc., such as supporting post-harvest processing by building agricultural processing factories, disseminating and instructing on the use of agricultural products, creating demonstration models of production, harvesting, and preservation of agricultural products suitable to local conditions, etc.
The benefit of the program is to increase the value of agricultural products, thereby improving people's lives. The cost of the program is all the costs incurred to carry out activities that satisfy the requirements of the program.
Research on 15 economic zones has shown that the program has had certain results. Although the investment efficiency is not high compared to other economic zones, the results of the program are encouraging for remote areas.
When analyzing the effectiveness of this program, we can use two criteria to determine the effectiveness of production and business projects such as NPV and IRR because this program mainly brings financial benefits. The analysis is conducted with a general discount rate of 6% suitable for the conditions of projects in remote areas.
The results of the analysis and evaluation for each economic zone are shown in Table 4.4 "Investment capital and investment efficiency of the program to stabilize agricultural and forestry production associated with product processing in economic zones in the period 2000-2005".
Thus, based on the analysis results, it can be seen that some economic zones such as Mau Son, Bac Hai Son, Quang Ha - Mong Cai, and Army Corps 15 have more favorable conditions, so the program is more effective. Other economic zones have less favorable conditions, so the effectiveness is still not high. Overall, the program is
The program has been effective with an IRR = 10%, equivalent to commercial bank interest rates (higher than the country's overall GDP growth rate).
4.3.1.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the afforestation program in national defense economic zones
During the period from 2000 to 2005, afforestation was carried out in 8 economic zones. Because the afforestation was carried out sporadically over the years and in different zones, it would be unreasonable to evaluate each zone separately (because some zones have finished afforestation, while others have just started). In analyzing the effectiveness of the afforestation program, we only evaluate the effectiveness of the investment in the program from 2000 to 2005 and therefore only analyze the revenues or costs arising from the investment activities during this period. The results of the analysis of the program's effectiveness in the period 2000-2005 are shown in Table 4.5 "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of the afforestation program in economic zones".
Table 4.4. Investment capital and investment efficiency of the program to stabilize agricultural and forestry production associated with product processing in national economic zones
period 2000 - 2005
Unit: Million VND
Year
Economic Zone
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | IRR | NPV (r=6%) | |
Actual investment capital | |||||
Mau Son | 0 | 400 | 300 | 8% | 90.38 |
Bao Lac - Bao Lam | |||||
Muong Cha | 2 000 | 996 | 0 | 8% | 492.13 |
Vi Xuyen | |||||
Ma River | 0 | 400 | 300 | 13% | 374.60 |
North Sea Mountain | 0 | 0 | 390 | 9% | 79.69 |
Binh Lieu-Quang Ha-Mong Cai | 0 | 400 | 0 | 8% | 45.69 |
Khe Sanh | 0 | 400 | 0 | 8% | 45.69 |
A So-A Net | 0 | 0 | 399 | 9% | 70.69 |
Ky Son | 0 | 400 | 0 | 9% | 76.45 |
Bu Gia Phuc-Bu Gia Map | |||||
Quang Son | |||||
15th Corps | 0 | 0 | 950 | 15% | 522.42 |
16th Corps | |||||
Tan Hong | |||||
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Solutions for tourism development in Tien Lang - 10
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- District People's Committees and authorities of communes with tourist attractions should support, promote, and provide necessary information to people, helping them improve their knowledge about tourism. Raise tourism awareness for local people.
*
* *
Due to limited knowledge and research time, the thesis inevitably has shortcomings. Therefore, I look forward to receiving guidance from teachers, experts as well as your comments to make the thesis more complete.
Chapter III Conclusion
Through the issues presented in Chapter II, we can come to some conclusions:
Based on the strengths of available tourism resources, the types of tourism in Tien Lang that need to be promoted in the coming time are sightseeing and resort tourism, discovery tourism, weekend tourism. To improve the quality and diversify tourism products, Tien Lang district needs to combine with local cultural tourism resources, at the same time combine with surrounding areas, build rich tourism products. The strengths of Tien Lang tourism are eco-tourism and cultural tourism, so developing Tien Lang tourism must always go hand in hand with restoring and preserving types of cultural tourism resources. Some necessary measures to support and improve the efficiency of exploiting tourism resources in Tien Lang are: strengthening the construction of technical facilities and labor force serving tourism, actively promoting and advertising tourism, and expanding forms of capital mobilization for tourism development.
CONCLUDE
I Conclusion
1. Based on the results achieved within the framework of the thesis's needs, some basic conclusions can be drawn as follows:
Tien Lang is a locality with great potential for tourism development. The relatively abundant cultural tourism resources and ecological tourism resources have great appeal to tourists. Based on this potential, Tien Lang can build a unique tourism industry that is competitive enough with other localities within Hai Phong city and neighboring areas.
In recent years, the exploitation of the advantages of resources to develop tourism and build tourist routes in Tien Lang has not been commensurate with the available potential. In terms of quantity, many resource objects have not been brought into the purpose of tourism development. In terms of time, the regular service time has not been extended to attract more visitors. Infrastructure and technical facilities are still weak. The labor force is still thin and weak in terms of expertise. Tourism programs and routes have not been organized properly, the exploitation content is still monotonous, so it has not attracted many visitors. Although resources have not been mobilized much for tourism development, they are facing the risk of destruction and degradation.
2. Based on the results of investigation, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and selective absorption of research results of related topics, the thesis has proposed a number of necessary solutions to improve the efficiency of exploiting tourism resources in Tien Lang such as: promoting the restoration and conservation of tourism resources, focusing on investment and key exploitation of ecotourism resources, strengthening the construction of infrastructure and tourism workforce. Expanding forms of capital mobilization. In addition, the thesis has built a number of tourist routes of Hai Phong in which Tien Lang tourism resources play an important role.
Exploiting Tien Lang tourism resources for tourism development is currently facing many difficulties. The above measures, if applied synchronously, will likely bring new prospects for the local tourism industry, contributing to making Tien Lang tourism an important economic sector in the district's economic structure.
REFERENCES
1. Nhuan Ha, Trinh Minh Hien, Tran Phuong, Hai Phong - Historical and cultural relics, Hai Phong Publishing House, 1993
2. Hai Phong City History Council, Hai Phong Gazetteer, Hai Phong Publishing House, 1990.
3. Hai Phong City History Council, History of Tien Lang District Party Committee, Hai Phong Publishing House, 1990.
4. Hai Phong City History Council, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU, Hai Phong Place Names Encyclopedia, Hai Phong Publishing House. 2001.
5. Law on Cultural Heritage and documents guiding its implementation, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2003.
6. Tran Duc Thanh, Lecture on Tourism Geography, Faculty of Tourism, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU, 2006
7. Hai Phong Center for Social Sciences and Humanities, Some typical cultural heritages of Hai Phong, Hai Phong Publishing House, 2001
8. Nguyen Ngoc Thao (editor-in-chief, Tourism Geography, Hai Phong Publishing House, two volumes (2001-2002)
9. Nguyen Minh Tue and group of authors, Hai Phong Tourism Geography, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, 1997.
10. Nguyen Thanh Son, Hai Phong Tourism Territory Organization, Associate Doctoral Thesis in Geological Geography, Hanoi, 1996.
11. Decision No. 2033/QD – UB on detailed planning of Tien Lang town, Hai Phong city until 2020.
12. Department of Culture, Information, Hai Phong Museum, Hai Phong relics
- National ranked scenic spot, Hai Phong Publishing House, 2005. 13. Tien Lang District People's Committee, Economic Development Planning -
Culture - Society of Tien Lang district to 2010.
14.Website www.HaiPhong.gov.vn
APPENDIX 1
List of national ranked monuments
STT
Name of the monument
Number, year of decisiondetermine
Location
1
Gam Temple
938 VH/QĐ04/08/1992
Cam Khe Village- Toan Thang commune
2
Doc Hau Temple
9381 VH/QĐ04/08/1992
Doc Hau Village –Toan Thang commune
3
Cuu Doi Communal House
3207 VH/QĐDecember 30, 1991
Zone II of townTien Lang
4
Ha Dai Temple
938 VH/QĐ04/08/1992
Ha Dai Village –Tien Thanh commune
APPENDIX II
STT
Name of the monument
Number, year of decision
Location
1
Phu Ke Pagoda Temple
178/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Zone 1 - townTien Lang
2
Trung Lang Temple
178/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Zone 4 – townTien Lang
3
Bao Khanh Pagoda
1900/QD-UBAugust 24, 2006
Nam Tu Village -Kien Thiet commune
4
Bach Da Pagoda
1792/QD-UB11/11/2002
Hung Thang Commune
5
Ngoc Dong Temple
177/QD-UBNovember 27, 2005
Tien Thanh Commune
6
Tomb of Minister TSNhu Van Lan
2848/QD-UBSeptember 19, 2003
Nam Tu Village -Kien Thiet commune
7
Canh Son Stone Temple
2160/QD-UBSeptember 19, 2003
Van Doi Commune –Doan Lap
8
Meiji Temple
2259/QD-UBSeptember 19, 2002
Toan Thang Commune
9
Tien Doi Noi Temple
477/QD-UBSeptember 19, 2005
Doan Lap Commune
10
Tu Doi Temple
177/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Doan Lap Commune
11
Duyen Lao Temple
177/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Tien Minh Commune
12
Dinh Xuan Uc Pagoda
177/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Bac Hung Commune
13
Chu Khe Pagoda
177/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
Hung Thang Commune
14
Dong Dinh
2848/QD-UBNovember 21, 2002
Vinh Quang Commune
15
President's Memorial HouseTon Duc Thang
177/QD-UBJanuary 28, 2005
NT Quy Cao
Ha Dai Temple
Ben Vua Temple
Tien Lang hot spring
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Investment and Efficiency Estimates for Agricultural and Forestry Production Development Planning Scheme
Plus (common program)
2 000 | 2 996 | 2 339 | 9% | 1797.75 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and author's processing
Note: The program is effective up to 2015.
From Table 4.5, we can determine the effectiveness criteria of the afforestation program as follows: NPV (with r = 6%) = 149,429 million VND; IRR = 18.2%. These results show that the afforestation program is completely effective. The analysis table also shows that the investment will be truly effective if after the investment in new planting brings results, it is necessary to continue investing in forest care and protection. If forest care and protection is considered a profession and a worker can manage 10 hectares of forest in 1 year, their income will be about 15 to 20 million/year (compared to the current income of 3.5 million VND/household). This is considered a high income for remote areas when economic conditions are still very difficult. On the other hand, when calculating the revenue for 1 hectare of exploited forest is 100 million VND, which is equivalent to only about 20 m3 of average exploited wood (in reality, the volume of exploited wood will be higher) but the program is still very effective, then we can conclude about the effectiveness of the forest planting program of investment projects in the national economic zone.
Table 4.5. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the afforestation program in the national economic zones
Year
Invest (million VND) | New planting area (ha)` | Revenue (million VND) | Operating costs (million VND) | Cash flow (million VND) | |
2000 | 1 556 | 601 | -1 556 | ||
2001 | 2 150 | 902 | 2103.5 | -4 254 | |
2002 | 2 389 | 809 | 5260.5 | -7 650 | |
2003 | 4 651 | 1 106 | 8092 | -12 743 | |
2004 | 7 055 | 1 130 | 11963 | -19 018 | |
2005 | 8 470 | 1 795 | 15918 | -24 388 | |
2006 | 0 | 22200.5 | -22 201 | ||
2007 | 0 | 22200.5 | -22 201 | ||
2008 | 0 | 22200.5 | -22 201 | ||
2009 | 0 | 22200.5 | -22 201 |
2010
60100 | 20097 | 40 003 | |||
2011 | 90200 | 16940 | 73 260 | ||
2012 | 80900 | 14108.5 | 66 792 | ||
2013 | 110600 | 10237.5 | 100 363 | ||
2014 | 113000 | 6282.5 | 106 718 | ||
2015 | 179500 | 0 | 179 500 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and compiled by the author
Note: Forest care and protection cost/1ha/year: 3.5 million VND
Revenue for 1 hectare of exploited forest: 100 million VND
4.3.1.3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of clean water and rural sanitation programs in defense economic zones
In fact, the program has only been implemented in 3 favorable economic zones: Mau Son, Bac Hai Son, Quang Ha-Mong Cai. The clean water program is essentially state support for people in economic zones, thereby stabilizing their lives, improving their health and becoming more attached to the locality. With this program, the efficiency is calculated based on cost reduction (investment rate) for a unit of investment result.
The investment situation according to the program in these 3 economic zones is as follows:
Table 4.6. Investment in rural clean water and sanitation programs in national economic zones
Economic Zone
Total estimate | Actual investment capital | Number of households using water clean | ||||
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | |||
million VND | million VND | million VND | million VND | million VND | household | |
Mau Son | 1 531 | 500 | 852 | 320 | ||
North Sea Mountain | 2 500 | 280 | 600 | 1 588 | 542 | |
Binh Lieu-Quang Ha-Mong Cai | 2 637 | 800 | 1 000 | 560 | 510 | |
Full program | 6 668 | 1 300 | 2 132 | 1 160 | 1 588 | 1 372 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and compiled by the author
Based on the above table, we calculate some criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the clean water program as follows (see table 4.7):
Thus, the reality shows that the investment in the program is more economical than the estimate (the entire program saves 488 million VND). In addition, because the number of households enjoying clean water is higher than expected, the investment capital for a household with clean water is relatively low, the entire program is 4.5 million VND. If converted to the level of 2000 with an interest rate of 6%, the entire program saves 399 million VND and the investment capital for a household with clean water is 3.68 million VND.
Overall, the investment results of the program are good, however, it should be noted that the program has only invested in more favorable areas. In reality, other economic zones also need investment in clean water and environmental sanitation. If the program were to reach these areas, the effectiveness would be lower because the costs would increase significantly.
Table 4.7. Investment efficiency according to the rural clean water and sanitation program in the economic zones
Economic Zone
Total estimate | Actual investment capital | Savings over budget | Actual to budget ratio | Number of households using water clean | VDT rate for one household | |
million VND | million VND | million VND | % | Household | million VND | |
Mau Son | 1531 | 1 352 | 179 | 88.31 | 320 | 4.23 |
North Sea Mountain | 2500 | 2 468 | 32 | 98.72 | 542 | 4.55 |
Binh Lieu-Quang Ha-Mong Cai | 2637 | 2 360 | 277 | 89.50 | 510 | 4.63 |
Full program | 6668 | 6 180 | 488 | 92.68 | 1372 | 4.5 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and compiled by the author.
4.3.1.4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the migration program (migration career) in defense economic zones
The economic zones are often located in unfavorable locations with sparse population. To develop the economy and ensure national security, it is necessary to migrate from many places. The migration program to the economic zones is aimed at both local and foreign residents. The costs of the activities in the migration program are often very expensive. It includes costs for travel, housing settlement, financial support, salary support, etc.
real, improve fields for cultivation.
The migration program in the economic zones has been implemented since 2003. After 3 years of implementation, 5,234 households have been migrated. Specific data for each region are shown in Table 4.8 "Results of the migration program (migration career) in the economic zones".
Investment capital for each economic zone serving the immigration program is specifically shown in Table 4.9 "Investment capital for the immigration program (immigration career ) in economic zones".
Because migration is a non-profit investment activity, to evaluate the investment efficiency of implementing the migration program (migration career) in the economic zones, we will calculate similarly to the clean water program, which is the investment capital to create an output value (migration households) and the efficiency for the people themselves according to the program, which is that their lives will be improved compared to before migration (see table 4.10).
Table 4.8. Results of the migration program (migration career) in defense economic zones
Economic Zone
Number of households | |||||||||
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | Add | ||||||
Intra-provincial | Out of province | Intra-provincial | Out of province | Intra-provincial | Out of province | Intra-provincial | Out of province | Total | |
Mau Son | 11 | 70 | 100 | 15 | 111 | 85 | 196 | ||
Bao Lac-Bao Lam | 349 | 33 | 173 | 20 | 522 | 53 | 575 | ||
Muong Cha | 69 | 75 | 200 | 25 | 269 | 100 | 369 | ||
Vi Xuyen | 52 | 50 | 52 | 50 | 102 | ||||
Ma River | 125 | 25 | 135 | 98 | 260 | 123 | 383 | ||
Binh Lieu-Quang Ha-Mong Cai | 69 | 64 | 212 | 173 | 150 | 70 | 431 | 307 | 738 |
ASo-ANet | 150 | 30 | 120 | 15 | 60 | 15 | 330 | 60 | 390 |
Khe Sanh | 70 | 34 | 20 | 130 | 250 | 65 | 340 | 229 | 569 |
Ky Son | 50 | 100 | 60 | 40 | 110 | 140 | 250 | ||
North Sea Mountain | 23 | 23 | 23 | ||||||
Tan Hong | 287 | 52 | 350 | 84 | 637 | 136 | 773 | ||
Quang Son
150 | 100 | 100 | 150 | 250 | |||||
15th Corps | 100 | 180 | 280 | 280 | |||||
16th Corps | 100 | 236 | 336 | 336 | |||||
Add | 362 | 128 | 1245 | 1073 | 1578 | 848 | 3185 | 2049 | 5234 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and compiled by the author.
The evaluation results in Table 4.10 show that the investment capital for a migrant household is not high, for the whole program it is 7.8 million VND, and for a settled household it is 8.5 million VND (corresponding figures converted to 2000 are 6.38 million VND and 6.96 million VND). This is a relatively low expense compared to the expenses that need to be incurred when migrating such as travel expenses, housing settlement, financial support, food support, land improvement for cultivation, etc. as mentioned above.
Table 4.9. Investment capital to implement the migration program (migration career) in the national economic zones
Economic Zone
Implemented capital (million VND) | |||||||||
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | Add | ||||||
Household expenses | Management fee | Household expenses | Management fee | Household expenses | Management fee | Household expenses | Management fee | Total | |
Mau Son | 1 445 | 14 | 800 | 10 | 2 245 | 24 | 2 269 | ||
Bao Lac-Bao Lam | 1 695 | 6 | 1 265 | 10 | 2 960 | 16 | 2 976 | ||
Muong Cha | 1 332 | 15 | 1 500 | 10 | 2 832 | 25 | 2 857 | ||
Vi Xuyen | 1 260 | 10 | 1 260 | 10 | 1 270 | ||||
Ma River | 750 | 5 | 1 875 | 20 | 2 625 | 25 | 2 650 | ||
Binh Lieu - Quang Ha - M. Cai | 404 | 10 | 4 296 | 34 | 2 150 | 15 | 6 850 | 59 | 6 909 |
ASo-ANet | 507 | 13 | 585 | 6 | 405 | 10 | 1 497 | 29 | 1 526 |
Khe Sanh | 189 | 5 | 2 010 | 20 | 1 725 | 13 | 3 924 | 38 | 3 962 |
Ky Son | 135 | 4 | 1 500 | 18 | 780 | 10 | 2 415 | 32 | 2 447 |
North Sea Mountain | 178 | 4 | 178 | 4 | 182 | ||||
Tan Hong | 806 | 10 | 2 310 | 16 | 3 116 | 26 | 3 142 | ||
Quang Son | 770 | 10 | 300 | 15 | 1 070 | 25 | 1 095 | ||
15th Army Corps | 1 500 | 10 | 2 700 | 20 | 4 200 | 30 | 4 230 | ||
16th Army Corps
1 500 | 10 | 3 540 | 20 | 5 040 | 30 | 5 070 | |||
Management of the Ministry of National Defense | 109 | 392 | 284 | 785 | 785 | ||||
Add | 1 413 | 145 | 19 449 | 560 | 19 350 | 453 | 40 212 | 1158 | 41 370 |
Source: Department of Economics, Ministry of National Defense and compiled by the author.
To assess the level of improvement in the lives of households after migration, it is theoretically necessary to determine the living standards of each household before migration and compare them with the current income of the households. However, this cannot be done because the number of households is very large and located in many different regions. It is possible to assess the level of improvement in the lives of households after migration through the criterion of the percentage of households continuing to settle in the economic zones. According to the calculated data, this rate is relatively high (over 90%), with some areas reaching 98%.
Table 4.10. Evaluation of investment efficiency in implementing the migration program (migration career) in the national economic zones
Economic Zone
Realized investment capital (million) VND) | Number of immigrant households (Household) | Number of households still residing (Household) | Investment rate for one household (million) VND) | Investment rate for a settled household (Million VND) | |
Mau Son | 2 269 | 196 | 192 | 11,577 | 11,813 |
Bao Lac-Bao Lam | 2 976 | 575 | 518 | 5,176 | 5,751 |
Muong Cha | 2 857 | 369 | 332 | 7,743 | 8,603 |
Vi Xuyen | 1 270 | 102 | 92 | 12,451 | 13,835 |
Ma River | 2 650 | 383 | 345 | 6,919 | 7,688 |
Binh Lieu-Quang Ha-Mong Cai | 6 909 | 738 | 735 | 9,362 | 9,401 |
ASo-ANet | 1 526 | 390 | 351 | 3,913 | 4,348 |
Khe Sanh | 3 962 | 569 | 512 | 6,963 | 7,737 |
Ky Son | 2 447 | 250 | 225 | 9,788 | 10,876 |
North Sea Mountain | 182 | 23 | 22 | 7,913 | 8,273 |
Tan Hong | 3 142 | 773 | 696 | 4,065 | 4,516 |
Quang Son | 1 095 | 250 | 225 | 4,381 | 4,867 |
15th Army Corps | 4 230 | 280 | 252 | 15,107 | 16,786 |
16th Army Corps | 5 070 | 336 | 302 | 15,089 | 16,766 |
Management of the Ministry of National Defense | 785 |