Evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural and forestry farming models on limestone terrain in Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province as a basis for planning the district's agricultural and forestry development

Forestry University (1990 – 1999) [20] conducted research

Biological and ecological characteristics and the ability to cultivate the species: Nghiến, May sao, Trai ly, Hoàng đàn, Dầu choòng (Mắc rac) (Delavaya toxocarpa Franch ) , Xoan nhu, Mac mat... in some northern and central border provinces of our country, the research results have identified some main characteristics and have been tested in some localities such as: Lang Son, Cao Bang, Bac Kan. The initial results are very promising, the cost of forest creation is not too high. However, it is not possible to confirm that the application will be successful in other localities when it has not been researched and tested in a comprehensive and systematic manner in different natural and socio-economic conditions.

The Forest Planning and Investigation Institute, in collaboration with a number of other agencies such as the Institute of Biological Resources Ecology and the Institute of Medicinal Materials, has conducted investigations and research on a number of characteristics of resources and biodiversity on limestone mountains, management, protection and sustainable development of forests and biodiversity on limestone mountains, and research mainly in Cao Bang, and scattered in a number of other provinces such as Ha Giang and Tuyen Quang.

Cat Ba National Park, Hai Phong City; Ba Be National Park, Bac Kan province have conducted experimental planting of Kim giao tree on limestone mountains, but due to lack of previous basic research, the results were very limited, and the scale of planted forests was not expanded [20].

Maybe you are interested!

The Northwest Forestry Production Science Center under the Vietnam Forestry Science Institute has tested planting Leucaena species on limestone mountains in Chieng Sinh, Son La province and found that this species grows quite well. This forest model can be field evidence for further studies to restore and develop the forest ecosystem on limestone mountains, many of which are native to the area.

Other areas of the limestone mountains should be further studied as a basis for forest construction and restoration on limestone mountains in other areas.

- Center for Natural Resources and Environment - (under the Forest Planning and Investigation Institute)

+ Report on forest silvicultural characteristics on Cao Bang - Lang Son limestone mountains by Nguyen Huy Dung and colleagues (1996) [4].

Initially, the forestry characteristics of limestone mountains were studied and some technical processes for planting tree species for the purpose of forest restoration and enrichment were proposed, including: Cupressus terulus ; Chukhasia tabularis A.Juss ; Sinocalamus Gig Anter w. keng.f. The report contains very realistic and noteworthy recommendations. Ecological research on limestone mountains cannot be done in a day or two, but we must

More investment in terms of funds, means and time is needed for this work to be successful.

more effective

Although these are only reports on the characteristics of limestone forests, they have certain scientific value, being the basis for classifying terrain types, forest types and from there, silvicultural solutions for forests can be proposed. Providing technical processes for planting some tree species will help some places apply them in practice and at the same time open up a direction for researching a group of tree species for limestone mountainous areas.

+ Report on forest silvicultural characteristics on limestone mountains in Tuyen Quang - Ha Giang region (1997) [3].

The forestry characteristics of forests on limestone mountains, the laws of regeneration and natural succession on rocky mountains have been presented. Understanding the laws of regeneration and natural succession is an important issue that will contribute to forest restoration and development. At the same time, the report has clearly stated that the application of forest classification standards according to Loeschau's state conditions and according to the QPN-6-84 Regulation of the Ministry of Forestry, now the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, to classify rocky mountain states is unreasonable, and other appropriate criteria need to be developed. The assignment

Land allocation for forests is very necessary because forest regeneration and restoration is very difficult.

A strict protection regime is needed for the forest regeneration process to be successful. This report also proposed ideas for zoning planning and rational exploitation of medicinal plants in the area. This is a business direction that takes advantage of forests with many meanings, requiring coordination between local people, specialized agencies and planning units.

+ Report on forestry characteristics of limestone mountain forests in the Northwest region - West Thanh Hoa, Nghe An (1998) [22]

This report addresses the issues of forest structure on limestone mountains, regeneration capacity and forest succession trends, and provides recommended solutions for the business of using forests on limestone mountains.

+ Report on forest silvicultural characteristics on limestone mountains in the Northern Truong Son region (1999) [22]

The report has mentioned the characteristics of the limestone structure in this area. The terrain forms show the Karst process is developing strongly, the surface flow is low, underground rivers and streams are developed. The report shows that this area is the meeting place of two migrating plant streams. One is from the Himalayas through Yunnan and the other is from Indonesia, so the flora on the limestone mountains here is different from other areas. The main flora is the families widely distributed in tropical forests such as the Melaleuca, Fabaceae, Magnolia, and Mulberry families.

Nguyen Huy Dung and colleagues (1999) [22] studied the model of community forest management on limestone mountains in Phuc Sen commune, Quang Uyen district, Cao Bang province. The results showed that people have planted Mac rac trees (Delavaya toxocarpa Franch ) on the limestone mountains of the whole commune. This tree species has grown and developed well, as well as showing the benefits of planting forests on rocky mountains. The report recommended that the State and the Provincial People's Committee should have a support program to build Phuc Sen commune into a tourist attraction, providing seeds and training in planting trees on limestone mountains.

The Department of Science and Technology of Ha Giang province and Yen Minh Forestry Farm tested the planting of Mac rac trees in Yen Minh district in 1998. After more than a year, the trees grew well, with an average height of 50cm and a survival rate of over 90% [20].

Tran Huu Vien - Forestry University (2004) [20], and his colleagues have studied the scientific basis for developing solutions for sustainable management of forests on limestone mountains. In which, they have provided a scientific basis for developing technical solutions to restore and develop forests on limestone mountains. They have built comprehensive demonstration models towards sustainable forest management of limestone mountains. They have proposed technical and economic solutions to restore and develop forests on limestone mountains.

There are also some other studies on soil properties of limestone mountains:

* Tran Khai, Nguyen Vi (1965), [20] analyzed the clay mineral composition of black soil on limestone mountains of Moc Chau. Soil samples were analyzed at the Institute of Soil, Beijing, China. The results showed that the topsoil layer (0-27cm) mainly consists of Montmorillonite and Illite, with a little Kaolinite, Gibbsite and Gotite; at a depth of 28 - 100cm, the clay mineral Vermiculite is dominant and has a little Gibbsite and Illite.

* Studies on the clay mineral composition of black soil on limestone mountains in Son La by Pham Tin (1978) [20] also found that: The main clay minerals of this type of soil are Montmorillonite and Vermiculite. The secondary clay mineral is Hydromyca. Thus, the clay mineral composition of black soil on limestone mountains in Son La is similar to the clay mineral composition of Rugin, Grumosol and Macgalit soil.

- Studies on commune-level land use planning and agroforestry models.

- Research on land use planning and agroforestry models is the foundation for the development of agricultural and forestry economy, especially in mountainous areas. When there is appropriate land use planning, the strengths will be promoted.

overcome potential land limitations and bring about effective use

highest land on the same piece of land.

+ Nguyen Ba Ngai: PhD thesis (2001) [8] - Research on scientific and practical basis for planning agricultural and forestry development at commune level in the Central mountainous region of Northern Vietnam. The thesis has provided theoretical basis, research viewpoints, and steps for planning agricultural and forestry at commune level based on the current land use status of the commune, the market and people's needs.

The thesis has inherited domestic and foreign experiences to build a scientific theoretical basis for the development of agriculture and forestry at the commune level in Vietnam, especially in the central mountainous region of Northern Vietnam.

* Project evaluation research

Project performance evaluation aims to provide periodic comments on the results of project activities and the effectiveness and impact of the project based on comparison of a number of pre-established criteria and indicators. In other words, performance evaluation is a systematic and objective review process that attempts to determine the suitability, effectiveness and impact of activities in relation to the set objectives.

- The most successful and effective models of researchers are the sloping land farming system (SALT) recognized by the world as the SALT1 model, SALT2 model, SALT3 model and SALT4 model.

- In 1990, Per Hstahl and Krekula [16] conducted an economic efficiency assessment for the business of planting eucalyptus forests for paper raw materials at Bai Bang paper industrial park - Phu Tho. Economic indicators NPV, IRR

has been mentioned and evaluated.

- Tran Duc Vien, Pham Chi Thanh (1995) [21], analyzed and evaluated the proportion of ethnic minorities in Vietnam to propose some technical measures for cultivation on sloping land and agroforestry methods.

- In 1994, Phu Ninh Forestry Development Research Center in collaboration with the Forestry University studied the water retention and soil protection capacity of farming methods on sloping land in Tuyen Quang, a topic conducted by Prof. Dr. Phung Ngoc Lan and Dr. Vuong Van Quynh [16].

Summary: In recent years, with the attention of the Party and the State as well as the active participation of localities, many agricultural and forestry production models have been implemented and brought about good results. However, due to

Natural conditions in each ecological region are different, farming practices are also different. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the effectiveness of agricultural and forestry production models in mountainous areas in general and in limestone mountainous areas in particular, in order to provide necessary and realistic information for the development of economic plans for local limestone mountainous areas.

At the same time, it helps people to develop their household economy and be able to

bring about efficiency in ecological diversity and environment in limestone mountain area

are being degraded where they live practically.

CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVES - OBJECTS - CONTENT - RESEARCH METHODS

2.1. Research objectives of the topic

2.1.1. In theory

- Evaluate existing agricultural and forestry production models in terms of technical aspects and economic, social and environmental efficiency.

- Building a scientific basis for developing agricultural and forestry models.

2.1.2. In practice

- Proposing highly effective agricultural and forestry production models in planning agricultural and forestry development in limestone mountainous areas.

2.2. Research subjects

- Agricultural and forestry production models on limestone terrain

- Current status of land types

2.3. Location

Within the limited framework of conditions and time, the topic only focuses on researching some agricultural and forestry production models that have been cultivated by people in Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province, for the following reasons:

- The need for participation of many households and the urgent need to effectively use land area in limestone mountains for agricultural and forestry production

- Diversify agricultural and forestry production models

- This is a convenient location for investigation and information collection.

2.4. Limitations of the topic

- The economic efficiency assessment focuses on agricultural and forestry production models on limestone terrain in the area. The topic is limited to analyzing economic efficiency through indicators such as NPV, BCR and IRR of the models currently being cultivated on limestone terrain in Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province.

- Evaluate the social effectiveness of limited models in creating jobs, raising awareness and understanding of local people in applying technical measures for crops, and the protective role of crops in the models.

- Environmental efficiency assessment of models is limited to assessing some indicators of soil improvement, anti-erosion role, water resource regulation but only stops at qualitative assessment.

2.5. Research content

To achieve the above goal, the topic focuses on researching the following main contents:

2.5.1. Investigation and assessment of basic situation and current land status

2.5.1.1. Investigate and evaluate the situation of land use management, socio-economic life and agricultural and forestry production activities in Yen Minh district.

2.5.1.2. Current land use status of Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province

2.5.2. Summarize agricultural and forestry production models and the effectiveness of production models in Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province.

2.5.2.1. Statistics and classification of models in the area

2.5.2.2. General assessment of technical measures applied and implemented in the area

2.5.2.3. Analysis of the effectiveness of the models

2.5.2.4. Summary of investment and support time needed for the models

2.5.3. Orientation of agricultural and forestry land use

+ Orientation of agricultural land use

+ Orientation of forestry land use

2.5.4. Agricultural and forestry land use planning

+ Agricultural land use planning

+ Forestry land use planning