According to Daxuorovsky BM, endurance is the ability to complete a certain task for a long time without decreasing work efficiency. In other words, endurance is the ability to resist fatigue, the ability to resist fatigue of each athlete is different due to different endurance levels [16].
From a pedagogical perspective, endurance is the ability to perform an activity at a given intensity, or the ability to maintain movement for the longest time that the body can endure, also affirming that endurance is always related to the concept of fatigue. Endurance is diverse, in each different type of movement, the nature and mechanism of fatigue are also different [13].
According to the physiological perspective of authors Luu Quang Hiep and Pham Thi Uyen, endurance is the ability to perform a certain activity for a long time. In other words, endurance is a specialized concept that represents the ability to perform a certain professional activity for a long time. In physiology, endurance is often characterized by the ability to perform physical activities continuously for 2-3 minutes or more, with the participation of a large amount of muscle mass in the athlete's body, thanks to the absorption of oxygen to provide energy to the muscles mainly by aerobic pathways. Thus, endurance in sports is the ability to perform long-term whole-body muscle activity completely or by aerobic pathways [24].
From a psychological perspective, endurance is an aspect of the athlete's consciousness that reflects the total magnitude and duration of all muscular and mental efforts of the athlete developed under conditions of performing prolonged movements. Thus, from a psychological perspective, endurance is the ability of the athlete's mental system to withstand high levels of exercise during training and competition [31], [75], [76], [77], [81].
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From a biochemical point of view, endurance is expressed in the form of prolongation of activity at a certain intensity until the first signs of fatigue appear, as well as a decrease in the ability to function at the onset of fatigue and eventually leading to cessation of activity [15], [30], [36].
From the above viewpoints, in general, to develop endurance in training and sports competition, it is necessary to overcome fatigue. Especially in Athletics, specifically CLTB running, it is necessary to prioritize the development of aerobic endurance for athletes. Experience can compare aerobic endurance to the cylinder capacity of an engine, the larger the capacity, the higher the ability to surge and accelerate. This needs to be analyzed and explained to athletes to understand the necessity and benefits of aerobic endurance, of course, we cannot forget to develop lactic anaerobic endurance and non-lactic anaerobic endurance in the appropriate ratio, to help athletes compete to achieve high results in each tournament.
1.4.2. Specialized endurance training
Sports training is to prepare athletes to achieve the highest sporting results in competition. Therefore, the main tasks of sports training must first of all originate from the specific requirements of sports competition, and also from the requirements of the athletes themselves in training.
The factors that determine an athlete's sports performance are arranged into the following five groups:
Personal qualities of athletes; Physical qualities;
Technical ability, skill-manship and motor coordination; Intellectual tactical ability;
Athletes' understanding of the field of sports science.
To achieve high sports performance, people must use different training means including: physical exercises, natural conditions, and hygiene factors.
Among the above factors, physical exercises are the basic professional means for sports training, the main and important means to improve sports performance. Physical exercises must be suitable for the purpose and tasks of the training process and when used, they must be suitable for each age group and specific conditions to achieve the highest performance.
Philin VP believes that physical qualities develop in stages and unevenly, depending on each age period. Therefore, coaches must not only grasp the natural development laws of athletes but also have a deeper understanding of the developmental characteristics of each age and gender of the individual athlete [40].
Harre Dietrich believes that: Regardless of any stage of the athlete training process, SBC training is considered key, because general physical strength along with SBCM is considered the foundation for achieving high performance in sports training. However, one thing that needs to be noted in some research works of Ozilin NG is that: Training physical qualities must be a continuous, multi-year process in the athlete training process. Depending on each training stage, the ratio between SBC and SBCM training must be determined appropriately [23].
In physical activity, muscle activity is a typical and central form, it is expressed through the following 3 aspects:
Muscle contraction (depends mainly on muscle fiber structure, number of muscle fibers and muscle fiber cross-section);
Metabolism (i.e. energy production); Excitatory transmission (neuromuscular activity).
According to author Philin VP, the three aspects mentioned above are always correlated with the ability to perform physical qualities, especially closely related to the three qualities of speed, strength and endurance. In which, the magnitude of strength is mainly related to the ability to contract muscles, the magnitude of speed is mainly related to the ability to transmit nerve signals and the magnitude of endurance is mainly related to metabolic activity [40].
Currently, there are many views on physical training for young athletes that: The process of physical training for athletes is aimed at strengthening the body's organ systems, improving their functional capabilities, and at the same time developing motor qualities such as (speed, strength, endurance and
flexibility, dexterity). Above are some views of foreign authors on physical training in sports training [40].
Through the study of a number of documents and research works of leading scientists in the field of theory and methods of domestic sports training such as: Duong Nghiep Chi, Le Van Lam, Nguyen Toan, Pham Danh Ton... it can be seen that scientists all believe that: The process of physical training for athletes is aimed at strengthening and improving the functional capacity of the body's organ systems before physical exercise (Physical exercises) and thus at the same time has affected the development process of motor qualities. This can be considered a pedagogical viewpoint in the process of educating physical qualities [8], [10], [11], [47], [53], [54]...
According to the biomedical perspective of authors such as Nguyen Ngoc Cu, Luu Quang Hiep, Trinh Hung Thanh, Phan Hong Minh, Nguyen Kim Minh..., SBC and SBCM training in sports training refers to adaptive and predictive changes in biology (functional structure) occurring in the athlete's body under the influence of training, expressed in high or low performance capacity [13], [15].
According to the psychological perspective of some domestic experts such as Pham Ngoc Vien, Le Van Xem, the process of preparing SBC and SBCM for athletes is the process of solving difficulties related to performing technical actions and the suitability of psychological factors in training and competition activities [76], [81].
Thus, from the above domestic and foreign perspectives, preparing SBC and SBCM for athletes is the targeted impact of LVĐ on athletes to form and develop to a new level of motor ability expressed in the perfection of physical abilities, while also improving the ability of functional organs corresponding to the athlete's motor ability, improving psychological factors before the typical activities of each different sport.
1.5. Endurance training methods for middle distance runners
1.5.1. General methods of training to develop endurance
Endurance training tasks can be solved by various methods. These tasks must ensure the development of both SBC and SBCM capabilities. Endurance training is carried out according to the methods, [49]:
Prolongation method (continuous method); Interval method;
Iterative method;
Competition method (competition method, test).
1.5.1.1. Lengthening method:
The stretching methods include the continuous method, the variable method and the Farlekt method. There are the following typical stretching methods:
Continuous method: This method is characterized by the same speed being maintained for a long time. This speed is well determined by the heart rate and should reach a value of 150 - 170 beats/minute, depending on the sport and training level.
Variation method: A method in which the LVĐ process lasts for a period of time, the speed is changed according to plan and is increased over certain distance segments to the point where a concentration of low to moderate lactic acid appears for a short time. However, this concentration must be compensated again over the next distance segment.
Farlekt Method: This method is like a game with speed. The speed changes in this method are not strictly set in advance but the athlete runs at a speed according to his/her personal needs [4].
These methods are used in all endurance sports. They have an effect on improving aerobic capacity, contributing primarily to increasing general athletic endurance and improving recovery functions after strenuous exercise. In other sports
Different stretching methods are the main training methods, especially in the preparation period, while in other training periods they are only applied for a certain period of time.
However, these stretching methods play an important role everywhere. The LVĐ in the stretching methods is a long LVĐ and is not interrupted by rest periods. The speed of the stretching methods can be uniform or increase and decrease. The application time depends on the individual's LVĐ tolerance, the characteristics of each sport and the immediate task to be solved.
For young athletes, when training SBC, the training time should not be shorter than 30 minutes. When training young athletes at a high level and senior athletes, the average exercise time is about 50 - 120 minutes. However, this time is even higher when preparing for competition distances. Improving the ability to absorb oxygen is achieved in two ways: One is prolonged, continuous exercise under aerobic conditions, the other is a prolonged amount of time with varying intensity. In the second case, the speed is increased at each time, making the body during prolonged exercise always create opportunities to require metabolism (anaerobic) to provide enough energy, thereby creating a strong stimulus to improve the ability to absorb oxygen.
1.5.1.2. Spacing method:
Interval training methods are training methods that are conducted on the principle of combining training and rest.
This principle requires a planned change between periods of activity and rest. However, the rest periods do not serve to restore full recovery, but a new LV exercise must be introduced when the pulse rate reaches 120-130 beats/minute, that is, during the period of incomplete recovery. The different forms of interval training (activity time, activity intensity, interval time) can be combined in very different ways and are divided according to the following activity times:
Short interval method: The duration of each exercise session is about 15 seconds to 2 minutes.
Interval training method: The duration of each exercise session is about 2 to 8 minutes.
Long interval method: The duration of each exercise session is about 8 to 15 minutes.
Long interval training is mainly used for SBC training. Interval training with shorter exercise durations is used for speed-endurance training (speed endurance), or to prepare for SBCM requirements. The classification according to different speed patterns comes from the fact that speed can vary regardless of the duration of the exercise. Basically, one distinguishes between long interval training and concentrated interval training. Long interval training is characterized by low to medium speed and is used for long exercise durations to train SBC. Concentrated interval training, characterized by high speed and can be used to prepare for the speed requirements typical of competition in SBCM training.
1.5.1.3. Iterative method:
The repetition method is characterized by repeated repetition of the exercises with the requirements of each specialized competition part in the training session.
1.5.1.4. Testing and competition methods:
Testing and competition methods have the effect of developing individual SBCM abilities. This can be directed to the competition distance. Specialized training must depend on the competition distance. The arrangement of the LVĐ must be carried out so that it has a psychological and physiological effect, as well as the frequency of movements and techniques must be optimally suited to the competition conditions. In addition, physical and tactical abilities must be trained [3].
1.5.2. Endurance training methods for CLTB runners
1.5.2.1. Aerobic capacity training methods for CLTB runners
The body's aerobic capacity is its ability to generate energy for muscular activity through the process of O 2 containing energy-rich compounds in the body.
Mission.
In the process of aerobic capacity education, the following three tasks need to be solved: Increase the maximum O 2 absorption level.
Enhances the ability to prolong the maintenance of maximum O 2 uptake.
Makes the circulatory and respiratory systems quickly reach high levels of activity and performance.
Vehicle:
Aerobic training exercises commonly used are cyclic exercises such as running, swimming, rowing, skiing at near-critical speeds and training in an O 2 -rich environment .
Method:
To educate the body's aerobic capacity, people often use training methods such as: continuous uniform method, variation method and repetition method.
The method of continuous uniform exercise without rest between intervals, performing at near-critical speed, the exercise time is 10 to 12 minutes, for advanced athletes it can be from 1 hour to 1 hour 30 minutes.
The repetition method (more accurately called the interval method and the variation method) used to develop endurance is a method based on anaerobic exercises (supercritical speed) with short durations of 10 to 90 seconds and rest intervals that need to be calculated to maximize the aerobic capacity of the body. If the exercise is repeated at a time when the circulatory and respiratory indices are at a relatively high level, the athlete's inherent maximum oxygen absorption.
Thus, the effect of exercise occurs mainly during the interval between repetitions of the exercise, that is, the highest O 2 absorption level is achieved during the rest between intervals, not during the exercise.