100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
2.1
2.9
2.0
5.0
30.2
Primary and Secondary School
High School
<5,000 VND
College and University Postgraduate
No additional payment
10,000 to <15,000
5,000 to <10,000
15,000 to <20,000 20,000 to <25,000
For households whose heads have a secondary education or higher, the percentage of households that do not pay extra is very small (from 4.2 to 10.6%).
4.4 5.6 | 3.2 4.7 | 7.2 | 8.7 | |||||||||
2.6 4.1 | ||||||||||||
10.9 | 4.8 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 10.2 | 20.7 | |||||||
16.3 | 20.3 | |||||||||||
26.6 | 35.8 | |||||||||||
46.7 | 24.6 | 25.4 | ||||||||||
29.6 | ||||||||||||
50.4 | 48.6 | 30.9 | 24.5 | |||||||||
34.5 | ||||||||||||
10.6 | 8.2 | 10.8 4.2 |
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Figure 2. Household willingness to pay by education level
education
For the willingness to pay levels of 5,000 VND or more, households with heads of households with postgraduate degrees are willing to pay the highest rate of 30.2%. As for primary, secondary and high school education levels, which are the common levels surveyed, an average of 44.5% of households do not agree to pay additional fees for internal irrigation, so more than 50% of the remaining households agree that the internal irrigation fee should be increased to better serve the maintenance and operation of the irrigation system. This result implies an important conclusion about the level of influence of education level on improving the quality of the irrigation system in the long term and increasing the internal irrigation fee in the short term. This result shows the important role of improving the education and knowledge of the people as an indirect measure to improve the efficiency of the irrigation system.
- Analysis of people's willingness to pay according to main source of income. The main source of income of households is very diverse, in which nearly 1/3 of households
surveyed have their main income from farming. More than two-thirds of the remaining households, although their main income comes from
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
31.6
29.9
18.4
12.7
7.5
Livestock Business
Handicraft
Crop
Other
Main source of income
Rate (%)
from different industries but all participate in small-scale agricultural production and all benefit from the irrigation system (have cultivated fields, near canals).
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
20.4
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Animal husbandry
Business
Handmade
career
Crop
Other
No additional payment <5,000 VND 5,000 to <10,000
10,000 to <15,000 15,000 to <20,000 20,000 to <25,000
Figure 3. Main source of household income
4.3 7.3 | 2.9 5.4 | 4.7 | 3.8 10.7 | 2.5 12.8 | ||||||
10.4 | 19.3 | 15.1 | ||||||||
18.3 | 16.2 | |||||||||
20.1 | 18.7 | |||||||||
25.1 | 35.9 | |||||||||
23.5 | 20.1 | |||||||||
38.9 | ||||||||||
36.2 | ||||||||||
30.2 | 39.7 | 32.6 | ||||||||
19.0 | 5.9 |
Figure 4. Household willingness to pay by income source
main entry
The main source of income of a household is a very important factor affecting the willingness to pay more for internal irrigation fees. Households are willing to pay more when the benefits of the irrigation system clearly affect the daily life of the household. Through a survey of 402 households with irrigation services, it was found that purely agricultural households are the ones most willing to pay more, with only 6% of purely agricultural households not agreeing to pay more for internal irrigation fees. At the same price, purely agricultural households always have a higher willingness to pay more than other households.
For households whose main source of income is livestock, nearly 40% of households are willing to pay an additional amount of less than VND 5,000/sao/crop, the highest rate among the five household groups. Most households whose main source of income is livestock benefit from the internal irrigation system as they can drain water from livestock and poultry farming on the canal. Therefore, the willingness to pay is also relatively high.
Business households have a relatively high average income compared to other households, so even though they are less directly dependent on the irrigation system, they are still willing to pay additional fees for internal irrigation because the additional contribution is quite small compared to the family income (only 30.2% of business households do not pay additional, up to 19.3% of business households pay additional from 10,000 to 15,000 VND/sao/crop).
Households whose main income comes from handicrafts do not seem to benefit much from the irrigation system, so their willingness to pay more for in-field irrigation is not high, with up to 40% of households not agreeing to pay more. However, more than 40% of households agree to pay an additional maximum of 10,000 VND/sao/crop. There is differentiation here depending on the income of each household.
Interview form for households using irrigation services
Please answer the questions in the following questionnaire by ticking the corresponding boxes or blanks corresponding to your answer. For answers that you do not agree with the content stated in the question, please tick the box “Disagree” and clearly state the reason below.
It will take approximately 10 minutes to complete the survey. We appreciate your participation. Your responses will be kept anonymous, strictly confidential, and aggregated into statistical data for analysis and policy recommendations in our research.
Once again, thank you for participating in the survey on user satisfaction with irrigation services.
Name of household head: ...................................................................................................................................
Number of people:..................Hamlet:........................Commune:..........................District: .................................
A. GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD
Q1 . Education level of household head: Primary school Secondary school
High School
Secondary School University & College Post- graduate Other
Q2 . Number of people in household:…………...People
a: Children:…………………Person b, Adults:……………..Person
Q3 . General level:
a, Post-graduate degree:…………….Person b, University & College degree:………..Person c, High school/Junior high school degree:……….….Person d, Primary school/Other degree:...….Person Q4 . Currently, the family's main source of income is from:
Livestock Specific quantity of each species:….……………………….……………………
Cultivation Area of planted trees:........................................................................
Handicraft Business Other (please specify)......................................
Q5 . Average monthly household income:
> 10 million >7 - 10 million >5 - 7 million >3 - 5 million ≤3 million VND Q6 . The area of agricultural land (field) of the household is:……………… Q7 . The experience of agricultural production of the household:……………………….(years) Q8 . In addition to agricultural production, the household also has main income from other fields (industry, handicrafts, trade - services): Yes
No
B. SURVEY INFORMATION ON IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY
Q9 . How many meters is the distance from the field to the nearest main canal system?
………………(m)
Q10 . Are households provided with regular and adequate irrigation water?
Agree Neutral Disagree
If “Disagree”, please state the reason:…………………………………………….
Q11 . Is the irrigation water supplied by the irrigation system always of guaranteed quality?
Agree Neutral Disagree
If “Disagree”, please state the reason:…………………………………………….
Q12 . Are households always promptly informed about the water regime of the irrigation system?
Agree Neutral Disagree
If “Disagree”, please state the reason:…………………………………………….
Q13 . Are households always informed about training sessions, seminars, and consultations related to irrigation?
Agree Neutral Disagree
If “Disagree”, please state the reason:……………………………………………
Q14 . The irrigation water price that must be paid is:………..……….(VND/sao/crop) or…….………(VND/m 3 )
Q15 . Does the irrigation company's irrigation water supply service always meet the agricultural production needs of households?
Agree Neutral Disagree
If “Disagree”, please state the reason:……………………………………………
Q16 . If the quality of irrigation services is improved, the family may be willing to pay MORE
How much does it cost to irrigate one sao in one crop? (Unit: VND/sao/crop)
<5,000 VND 5,000 to <10,000 10,000 to <15,000
15,000 to <20,000 20,000 to <25,000 No payment
Reason for not paying extra:………………………………………………………
Q17 . If you do not pay according to the above levels, please propose a reasonable cost that is suitable for your household income:……………………………………………. (VND/sao/crop).
Q18 . On average, how much irrigation water does a household use per crop from the irrigation system:……………………………………………..(m 3 /crop).
Q19 . In the past 3 years , how many training courses, seminars, learning experiences, and dissemination of laws related to agriculture and irrigation have households been invited to attend :……………….
Q20 . The distance from home to the nearest market ( where rice is traded ) is:……………..…….(km)
Q21 . Household attitudes towards willingness to pay to maintain an effective irrigation system to ensure sufficient water for agricultural production:
Willing to pay Unwilling to pay
Q22. Do households have easy access to credit loans from financial institutions?
Easy to access Difficult to access Never borrowed before
Loan purposes: Cultivation Livestock/Aquaculture Business
Other
Q23 . Does the household AGREE with the following statement: "The organization that manages and operates the grassroots irrigation system (Water User Cooperative Organization) plays a very important and necessary role in the agricultural production process"? Agree Disagree
Reason for AGREEMENT or DISAGREEMENT:………………………………………...
................................................................ ................................................................ ..........................................
Additional comments from interviewees on irrigation system management; prices of irrigation products and services :..........................................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................ ..........................................
Q24 . Do households have access to policies related to agricultural production and irrigation systems?
TT
Policies | Approach | ||
Have | Are not | ||
1 | Land consolidation policy | ||
2 | Participate in operational management training courses irrigation system | ||
3 | Propaganda on irrigation system protection | ||
4 | Policy to encourage community participation in HTTL operations management | ||
5 | Participate in projects applying science and technology in services irrigation | ||
6 | Dissemination of prices of irrigation products and services according to the Law Irrigation | ||
Q25 . Do households throw waste into the irrigation system?
TT
Consciousness/Action | Frequency (Add X to household frequency) | |
1 | Discharging domestic waste into irrigation systems | |
Do not litter | ||
1 – 3 times/week | ||
4 – 6 times/week | ||
>6 times/week | ||
2 | Throwing dead poultry and livestock into the system irrigation | |
Do not dispose of dead animals or poultry. | ||
1 – 2 times/crop | ||
3 – 4 times/crop | ||
>4 times/crop | ||
3 | Encroachment on construction safety area | |
Non-invasive | ||
Ever invaded |
C. ASSESSMENT OF USER SATISFACTION LEVEL WITH IRRIGATION SERVICES
Please answer by checking only one box.
Totally disagree | Disagree | Normal | Agree | Totally agree | ||
1 | The company/factory commits to provide irrigation services according to signed contract | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | The company/enterprise fixes the damage during the system operation process. Fast and timely irrigation system | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Please answer by checking only one box.
Totally disagree | Disagree | Normal | Agree | Totally agree | ||
3 | Water users trust the technology financial statement, fee level set by the company/enterprise | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Information on water usage Household irrigation is always guaranteed safe. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Employees of the company/enterprise have high level of expertise | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | The company/factory staff are very happy and enthusiastic when working with us. water users | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | Private company/enterprise employee Question and answer clearly and satisfactorily the questions of water users | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Company/enterprise employees Resolve questions and difficulties of water users very quickly and promptly. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | The key irrigation system ensures service for agricultural production. career | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | Internal irrigation system ensure agricultural production | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | The company/enterprise provides documents guiding the management and operation of irrigation works for users. regular use | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | Company/factory employees always wear protective gear when working | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | Quality of equipment used in quality assurance irrigation system | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | Irrigation system always | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |