For example: green tea, white crane tea, rehmannia eight treasures tea, three-leaf tea, black tea, black tea, green tea, etc.
2.2.2.3. Tea terminology of Indo-European origin
Besides words of Sino-Vietnamese origin, a small number of tea industry words are of Indo-European origin. Words indicating tea product names have a small number of Indo-European origin: 35/1706 units, accounting for 2.00%.
For example: Tan Cuong green tea; Tan Cuong Silver tea; Tan Cuong gold tea ... Words like " green" meaning "x anh " are borrowed from English to create the brand " Tan Cuong green tea ". Similarly, " silver" and "gold" are also borrowed to name tea products.
Indo European origin 2.00%
Sino-Vietnamese origin 20.4%
Pure Vietnamese origin
77.60%
Chart 2.1: Tea industry terminology in terms of origin
Summary
Chapter 2 of the thesis presented the characteristics of tea industry vocabulary in Vietnamese in two aspects: structural characteristics and origin characteristics. In terms of structure, tea industry vocabulary has two structural forms: those that are words and those that are phrases.
1. There are 172 units with word structure, accounting for 10.08% of the total 1706 collected and surveyed mangrove tea words. Of which, there are 134 single words, accounting for 7.85% (134/1706) and 38 compound words, accounting for 2.23% (38/1706). Of which, all single words are monosyllabic, there are no polysyllabic single words in the words.
tea profession. These single words are mainly pure Vietnamese words. The compound words (38 words) are mostly main-subordinate compound words: 31/38 words, accounting for 81.58%, are structured according to the relationship of secondary before main after. There are only 07/38 isomorphic compound words, accounting for 18.42%.
In terms of vocabulary, Vietnamese tea industry vocabulary is mainly nouns and verbs used to name things, objects, machines, parts of tea plants, types of soil, tea varieties, pests, tea products and activities of caring for, harvesting, processing, distributing and enjoying tea.
In terms of origin, tea industry words have different origins: pure Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European. This is a common characteristic of professional words in general, and tea industry words in Vietnamese in particular. The reason is that professional words are words of a certain profession of the Vietnamese people. The vocabulary of professional words is mainly pure Vietnamese words belonging to the basic vocabulary of Vietnamese. Therefore, they always have a large number in the professional vocabulary. The appearance of tea industry words of Sino-Vietnamese origin or Indo-European loan words is not much and is mainly just the name of high-quality tea products, high-quality Vietnamese tea brands, used for export.
2. The units identifying the tea profession in Vietnamese are composed of phrases, which account for a large number, with 1,534 units (1,534/1,706), accounting for 89.92%. Based on the number of elements participating in the structure of the phrase, they are divided into the following types: two-element phrases; three-element phrases; four-element phrases; five-element phrases; six-element phrases; etc. Of which, three-element phrases have the largest number with 700 units, accounting for 41.3%; two-element phrases have 468 units, accounting for 27.43%; phrases with six or more elements account for only a very small number.
In terms of word types, noun phrases account for the majority (79.18%), verb phrases account for only 10.02% and adjective phrases have an insignificant proportion: 0.72%.
In terms of origin, the most numerous are still phrases made up of purely Vietnamese elements, followed by Sino-Vietnamese elements and finally Indo-European elements. The combination of these elements is very rich. The elements
Pure Vietnamese words combined together to form pure Vietnamese nominal phrases. Sino-Vietnamese elements combined together to form Sino-Vietnamese nominal phrases. In addition, many phrases are created by hybrid compounding by combining elements of different origins with different orders: pure Vietnamese - Sino-Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese - pure Vietnamese, pure Vietnamese - Sino-Vietnamese - Indo-European. Phrases created by hybrid compounding are phrases that appeared later, created on the basis of elements borrowed from Chinese or Indo-European languages, when Vietnamese tea was produced using modern techniques, products were diversified with high quality, many designs, famous tea brands were exported to many countries in the world.
In terms of structure, the vast majority of phrases are mainly structured according to the main-subordinate model: the main element comes first, the element or combination of the subordinate elements comes after. This common structure model has created a systematic structure of tea industry words in Vietnamese in particular, and of profession words in Vietnamese in general. The structure of tea industry words in Vietnamese is quite similar to the structure of words in the national language. In addition, the characteristics of production activities along with thinking habits and cultural characteristics make tea industry words have their own nuances and unique features.
Chapter 3
TEA PROFESSION TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE POINT OF NOMINATION
3.1. Introduction
The naming object has many recognizable characteristics. When it is necessary to choose a prominent, characteristic characteristic as the basis for naming (reason for naming), the naming subject has " rotated " the object in many different directions and aspects to choose. Then, using linguistic elements to express that characteristic.
Normally, each object will have a characteristic chosen as the basis for naming. But there are also cases where the same object has many names given according to the way of using language to express the object's characteristics, each of these names corresponds to a characteristic of the object chosen by the naming subject. For example: broken tea, bom tea, ban tea, dinh tea, moc cau tea, etc.
Because each ethnic group has different ways of perceiving things to name them, and each region has different " preferences " for naming, the choice of object characteristics to name them is also different.
The Vietnamese perception of reality through the names of things related to the tea industry also has differences, showing the unique perception of the Vietnamese people with other countries and of the people of each tea growing region in Vietnam.
Based on the theoretical basis of identification, we conduct a survey of Vietnamese tea terminology to specifically study their identification characteristics. Specifically, we will examine the following issues:
- The identifying feature of tea industry terms is a simple identifying unit.
- The identifying feature of tea industry terms is a complex identifying unit.
fit.
3.2. Description of the characteristics of tea industry terminology in Vietnamese
3.2.1. Description of the identifying characteristics of the simple identifier (base identifier)
Based on the survey and classification of tea profession words in Vietnamese in terms of structure, we analyze their semantic characteristics based on
semantic characteristics of common nouns for identification. According to Do Huu Chau: " Proper nouns (proper names) are only used to call individuals and not to name the species of individuals, while common names (common nouns) are used to name both the species and the individuals in the species" [21, p. 67].
Tea industry terms are simple designations made up of minimal units in terms of structure and morphology (one syllable), with literal meaning, used as the basis for creating other designations. There are no figurative words.
Simple nominal units in tea terminology are the basic units for generating words that are complex nominal units.
The results are as follows:
General model 1 :
General components of breed/species/soil/planting
and care/insects/pests/tools, machinery
Surveying 1706 nominal units, we obtained common nouns
used to identify as follows:
Table 3.1: Identifier expressions using common (base) elements
STT
Common elements | For example: | |
1 | Breed/type | tea |
2 | Tea plant parts | branch, leaf, stem, bud, sprout, shoot, stalk, root, root, flower, seed, fruit, bud, stem, internode,... |
3 | Soil, activity planting, care and harvesting | soil, dig, water, pick, fertilize, prune, trim, cut,... |
4 | Tea pests | spider, bug, leafhopper, aphid, butterfly, termite, cricket, slug, deep,… |
5 | Tea disease | disease, rot (roots, buds, branches), leaf rot, hemorrhoids,... |
6 | Tools, machines | machine, mortar, furnace, sieve, bag, cabinet, net, sickle, basket, go, go,... |
7 | Tea utensils | cups, teapots, trays, spoons,... |
8 | Tea tasting activities | blanching, rinsing, boiling, mixing,... |
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In the tea industry terminology, common nouns (variety/species; parts of tea plants; soil, planting and care; insects; diseases; tools, machines; tea tasting...) are common nouns often used to identify individuals; at that time, words indicating variety ( tea/tea ), species ( insects, diseases ), tools, machines ( machines,... ) become proper nouns to indicate the specific characteristics of each characteristic of the tea industry.
In the identification of tea industry terms, common nouns mostly do not function independently but are often combined with specific characteristics to form combinations used for identification (complex identification method).
3.2.2. Description of the identifying characteristics of the complex identifier
All the complex nominal units of tea industry words are created by the morpho-syntactic way: using two or more meaningful units. Specifically, there are two processes of creating this type of tea industry words.
The first process is word creation with the basic method of combining meaningful elements together according to the main-subordinate relationship. In which, the majority of the main elements come first, the secondary elements come after according to the syntactic order of Vietnamese. The main element comes first, the secondary element comes after, representing the distinguishing characteristics chosen to name and determine the meaning of the element coming before. For example, in the compound word green tea , the tea comes first, representing the classification of “plant species”: “ a medium-sized tree, thick leaves with serrated edges, white flowers, three-segmented fruit, grown for leaves, buds, and buds to make drinks ”, green comes after, representing the characteristic “ having a color like the color of leaves, of sea water ” is chosen to form the compound word. There is only a very small number of units with the reverse syntactic order of Vietnamese: secondary before main after, such as red tea, tram ma tea, oolong tea…
The second process of creating complex nominal units by syntactic means is the process of lexicalization of combinations. It is the process of transforming combinations into idiomatic nominal units. The idiomaticity of these units is expressed in the stability of structural morphology and semantic glossiness with different degrees. Usually, there are two types of combinations
lexicalized combinations: free combinations and fixed combinations. However, in the tea vocabulary system, only free combinations are lexicalized and the relationships of the elements in these combinations are also main and secondary relationships. The main element in front has the function of classifying concepts, the secondary element behind represents the selected characteristics for naming: golden spiders that harm stems, stem borers, tea moths, curly tea drying machines, tea turning machines, tea polishing machines, tea withering machines, raspberry-shaped canopies, young cuttings, Thai Nguyen shrimp-bud tea, Tan Cuong hook tea, high-class snow tea, Tan Cuong spring tea,...
The two processes of creating complex nominal units in the tea vocabulary system as above will give the result: there are units that are words and units that are phrases. In this thesis, we will analyze the conceptual classification of tea vocabulary as complex nominal units and the selection of distinctive features to name tea vocabulary in Vietnamese.
The classification of the tea industry vocabulary system is the complex designation units that lie in the main components of the tea industry vocabulary. Therefore, based on the main components, we can find 09 conceptual contents that the tea industry vocabulary is a complex designation unit that represents: varieties, parts of tea plants; insects - pests; tools - machinery; soil; care - harvesting; tea brands; processing procedures; brewing - enjoyment. The tea industry vocabulary is a complex designation unit with the main component expressing the same conceptual content that will form a group. Creating distinction between words in the group is the function of the secondary components. In other words, the secondary components convey the distinguishing characteristics selected as the basis for identification for each type of word. We will analyze the distinguishing characteristics selected as the basis for identification for each type of tea industry vocabulary, thereby building a model for identification of words expressing the same conceptual content.
In the Vietnamese tea terminology system, most of the complex identifiers have chosen one feature as the basis for identification. However, there are also terms that choose two or three features as the basis for identification. Therefore, in the statistics, we will also examine the number of times the features are chosen.
to identify in order to consider: for each type of tea industry vocabulary, which characteristics are most interested and which characteristics are less interested.
Based on the survey results and analysis of complex identification and second-order identification in the tea industry, we obtained the following specific results:
Table 3.2: Complex (second-order) nomenclature of tea industry terms
STT
Breed/species/kind | Specific elements (feature only - X) | ||
1 | Alike | + | Shape [X 1 ] |
2 | Parts of the tea plant | ||
3 | Soil, planting, care squirrel and harvest | Size [X 2 ] | |
4 | Insect | Color [X 3 ] | |
5 | Sick | ||
6 | Tools, machines | Function [X 4 ] | |
7 | Planting location and facility production/ distribution | Uses [X 5 ] | |
8 | Tea making tools | Name of person/place [X 6 ]… | |
9 | Tea tasting activities |
Next, we present the second-level identification methods in turn:
3.2.2.1. Method of identifying tea varieties/types/products
Surveying 1706 identification units, we identified 399/1706 identification units, accounting for 21.98%, with identification methods using elements indicating tea varieties/types combined with signs indicating characteristics for identification.
General model 2:
The only element
variety /type/product
+ | Characteristic signs ( shape, size , ...) |
Some specific identification models belonging to this method are: