Continuously Building and Perfecting the Law on Human Obligations

(details of the rationale for adoption, the criteria for a standard Universal Declaration of Human Duties, and the full text of the proposed draft Declaration are provided in section 4.2.5. )

Second, in addition to the above-mentioned Universal Declaration, the United Nations must also adopt Declarations on Human Obligations in specific and particular fields. This is also very necessary to detail and concretize the contents of the Universal Declaration into specific and particular fields. By doing so, people will understand the content and meaning of Human Obligations more clearly, and from there they will be excited and eager to carry out those Obligations.

Third, regional organizations should adopt regional declarations on human obligations. This can be done simultaneously with or immediately after the Universal Declaration on Human obligations. The content of the regional declarations on human obligations must be compatible with and inherit the content of the Universal Declaration, but can also be more specific because the specific nature of each region is different.

ii. Long-term solutions(done for legally binding international instruments):

Long-term solutions could be: supplementing and perfecting Human Obligations in current international treaties on Human Rights; developing new international treaties on Human Obligations to balance with current international treaties on Human Rights (if current international treaties are not supplemented or perfected); developing new international treaties that recognize both Human Rights and Obligations (in areas where no international treaties regulate). Specifically:

First, amend the United Nations Charter to include the content of Human Obligations in addition to the content of Human Rights . Since the United Nations Charter is the most universal international treaty, the inclusion of Human Obligations in this document will create a universal, mainstream awareness worldwide of the importance of Human Obligations. Ensuring and promoting the implementation of the Obligations of all people around the world will have to become one of the most important activities of the United Nations.

Second, amend existing international treaties on Human Rights at both the global and regional levels to add content on Human Obligations in addition to content on Human Rights; or develop new international treaties on Human Obligations at both the global and regional levels (if existing international treaties do not

This is the step of codifying the contents of the Declarations into legally binding regulations to promote and control the implementation of people's Obligations in practice.

Third, build an international treaty on the role and responsibility of the state in coordinating the rights and obligations of the people . This new treaty will regulate the role of states in creating conditions for people to fulfill their obligations, as well as creating conditions for people to enjoy their rights fairly. This international treaty also regulates the mechanism for handling the responsibility of states if people's rights are not guaranteed (find out the reasons why national resources are weak, is it because people rarely fulfill their obligations, or because the state does not create conditions for people to fulfill their obligations, or because the state is corrupt, distributes benefits to people unfairly, etc.).

Fourth, national constitutions will have to be amended and supplemented to be compatible with international law on human obligations in the direction of regulating a balance between Rights and Obligations (of citizens and of humans) (refer to some solutions to build and perfect human obligations in the Vietnamese Constitution in section 4.2.2.2. ii. ).

196 Hopefully there will be more Papers, Theses, Dissertations written on the topic of the Duty to Destroy Terrorism.

Declarations and international treaties on Human Duties at both global and regional levels, and the provisions on Human (and Citizen) Rights and Duties of national constitutions must take the United Nations Charter (assuming it is amended according to the thesis's proposal), the Universal Declaration on Human Duties (if adopted) as standard indicators for content and form.

Some detailed contents to suggest for the construction and improvement of International Law on Human Obligations: the most fundamental, general and important contents on Human Obligations will be introduced in the full text of the draft Universal Declaration on Human Obligations in section 4.2.5 . Some detailed and specific contents on Human Obligations to suggest for the construction of International Law on Human Obligations are also introduced for reference (see full contents in Appendix 4).

4.2.2.2. Promoting the development and improvement of Vietnamese Law on Human Obligations

Based on some shortcomings as mentioned above, in our opinion, the activities of building and perfecting Vietnamese Law on Human Obligations in accordance with practical requirements are very necessary in the current context. In general principles, legal documents on Human Obligations need to be perfected in a simple, unified, transparent manner, in accordance with the provisions of Human Obligations in International Law, ensuring feasibility, creating the most favorable conditions for people to effectively implement Legal Obligations. These legal documents must fully and accurately institutionalize the Party and State's guidelines and policies on Human Obligations in the cause of building and defending the country in the period of international integration. To do so, competent authorities need to strengthen law-making activities, innovate the law-making process, and improve legislative techniques to ensure consistency in the legal system.

The development and completion of legal regulations on Human Obligations is a big and complicated issue, related to the operation of the entire state apparatus. Therefore, we would like to propose to implement this according to the following two groups of solutions:

i. Immediate solutions

First, perfect the provisions of current laws on Human Obligations.

Regarding regulations on Military Service: The 2015 Law on Military Service needs to expand the subjects of military service to both create consistency with the Constitution and create conditions for all citizens to perform military service, completing the military service.

become a sacred duty for the Fatherland. Specifically, the Law on Military Service 2015 needs to eliminate the regulation on the age of conscription; narrow down the subjects of temporary deferment and exemption from military service to ensure fairness. In addition, it is also necessary to consider issuing regulations on other types of service to replace military service suitable for female citizens and citizens who do not have to perform military service because they do not meet the recruitment standards.

In the spirit of the law, every citizen has the obligation to protect the Fatherland, so he must participate in protecting the Fatherland within his ability. Some people are able to use weapons to protect the Fatherland, some people are able to do logistics work, even the elderly can still stay in the rear to educate their children and grandchildren about the ideal of protecting the Fatherland.

Regarding regulations on tax obligations: It is necessary to complete and supplement regulations on personal income tax management, especially for online business. This will create a solid legal corridor for competent state agencies to perform their duties well, as well as help people to fulfill their obligations more conveniently and voluntarily to limit tax evasion. Specifically, it is necessary to have close coordination between relevant parties to support tax authorities in reviewing and collecting taxes from individuals doing online business. On that basis, advise and recommend competent authorities to issue and complete related laws, clearly define the responsibilities of agencies, localities and units to have specific instructions, as a basis for unified implementation in the field of personal income tax management for online business.

Regarding regulations on environmental protection obligations: It is necessary to review, amend and supplement regulations that are not really reasonable and not suitable to reality in current legal documents on environmental protection. Amendments and supplements need to ensure feasibility, constitutionality, legality, and conformity with socio-economic development policies, as well as create unity in the system of legal documents on environmental protection. In addition, environmental protection laws need to stipulate more proactive obligations of everyone such as: planting trees; picking up trash; using clean energy sources, renewable energy 197 ; protecting quiet spaces, reasonable lighting; preventing and denouncing

197 According to Clause 4, Article 6; Clause 2, Article 43, Law on Environmental Protection 2014, the use and development of clean energy and renewable energy is a priority and encouraged activity, but has not been regulated as a mandatory obligation of individuals.

cases of violating regulations on waste discharge; treating wastewater into harmless form before discharging into land, rivers, seas, ponds, lakes...

In particular, deforestation in the world in general and in Vietnam in particular is at an alarming level, narrowing the "green area" of the Earth, causing serious damage to the ecological environment. Therefore, the recognition of the "Obligation to plant trees" and "Obligation to protect forests" in the law is urgent and must be considered no less important than "Military service". Specifically, the law needs to specify the age, class, and education level that must perform this Obligation, the number of trees that must be planted and the time for forest protection for each individual in accordance with the State's policy, as well as the actual situation of the environment and environmental protection. We propose that the minimum number of trees that a person must plant during their lifetime is 200 trees (can be hired or asked to be planted by others); The ideal age for forest planting is from 16 to 18 years old... In addition, they must spend a certain amount of time participating in forest protection work. Modern surveillance camera technology will greatly support people in forest protection activities. In addition, environmental protection laws also need to have regulations prohibiting electric shock to kill earthworms. Cutting down trees and destroying earthworms is destroying the planet's basic resources. Using pesticides to reduce the number of earthworms is also a big mistake. Therefore, the agricultural sector needs to have policies to encourage people to use biological products instead of toxic pesticides.

The addition of legal regulations on the above-mentioned Active Obligations is necessary to raise people's awareness. Only with correct awareness and correct thinking can one act correctly. Every small action will contribute to the formation of a civilized lifestyle, responsible for the environment.

Regarding the provisions on Educational Obligations: It is necessary to supplement some provisions on sanctions for violations of the law on Educational Obligations. The 2019 Education Law stipulates that all citizens of the prescribed age must have the Obligation to study to implement universal education and complete compulsory education. In addition, families and guardians must be responsible for creating conditions for family members of the prescribed age to study to implement universal education and complete compulsory education. If the above subjects do not fulfill the Obligation, they must bear legal responsibility. However, the current education law only stipulates the level of sanctions for those who incite not to go to school or incite dropouts for students of all levels of universal education and those who obstruct the going to school.

of learners at all levels of general education, but there is no content regulating the level of punishment for parents and guardians who do not fulfill their responsibilities in ensuring their children's learning obligations.

Normally, children drop out of school for three reasons: one is because their family circumstances are too difficult, two is because they are poor students and do not want to study anymore, three is because they are bullied. If students do not fulfill their learning obligations, depending on each reason, the law has appropriate handling mechanisms:

If due to difficult circumstances, the local government will be responsible for providing full tuition fees for their children to study with peace of mind. If any locality does not perform well, the local government leaders must be reviewed and disciplined (establish a Fund for Students Going to School).

If they are slower to learn than their friends, they need support (the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union can organize tutoring on a voluntary basis).

If parents or guardians do not create conditions for their children to go to school, the parents or guardians will be held responsible.

One of the solutions that is being considered in the world is to “soften” education, that is, the educational program will be flexibly adjusted to suit each student. Because the abilities of each student are different, the teaching method and the time to complete the lesson for each student can also be different, not fixed and rigid. Perhaps, some students will also need additional support to understand the lesson. But in the end, all students must be guaranteed to master the entire lesson content. Schools need to avoid creating competition or excessive exam pressure, the classroom must be a place to support students' passion for learning. Thanks to that, students can overcome the feeling of discouragement, wanting to drop out of school because of being criticized or not keeping up with their friends. The goal that an advanced education aims for must be that no student is left behind on the path of expanding knowledge. But above all, in order for students to exercise their rights and obligations to study, families, local authorities, educational authorities, and social organizations must help them overcome all difficulties to continue to go to school enthusiastically. The responsibility of education (teaching and learning) is not only the responsibility of teachers and students but also the responsibility of the community.

Second, it is necessary to enhance sanctions for violations of the law to ensure and promote effective implementation of human obligations.