Classification of the Convenience of 3 Types of Tourism

Therefore, for the SKH criteria for evaluating DLST, the evaluation results for DLTQ can also be used.

+ Terrain criteria

For ecotourism, in addition to biological, climatic, and indigenous cultural factors, terrain factors also need to be considered in terms of travel conditions. In fact, areas with high levels of biodiversity are often high mountains, difficult to access, or located in strictly protected areas. Here, the results of the assessment of terrain types and slopes affecting the travel of DLTQ can also be used for ecotourism.

- Weighting of evaluation criteria for ecotourism

For the type of ecotourism, the most important factor is biological resources with a high level of biodiversity, so it will be given the highest weight in the evaluation scale (weight 3). The SKH criterion is the second most important factor, determined with a weight of 2 in the evaluation scale. The terrain criterion is determined with the lowest weight (weight 1) in the evaluation scale.

- Comprehensive rating scale for ecotourism

The overall rating score for DLST is determined as follows

Table 2.22. Comprehensive assessment for ecotourism development

Evaluation criteria

Rating by criteria
Point weight	4	3	2	1
Creature	3	12	9	6	3
Bioclimate	2	8	6	4	2
Terrain	1	4	3	2	1
Total score		24	18	12	6
General assessment		RTL	KTL	TB	ITL
Percentage of maximum score		76 - 100	51 - 75	26 - 50	≤ 25

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b. Evaluation results

In the study area, there are a number of national parks and nature reserves with high biodiversity, valuable for ecotourism development, namely Ba Be National Park (BK) with a core area of 10,048ha and a total buffer area of 34,702ha, Cham Chu and Na Hang Nature Reserves (TQ), Kim Hy and Tam Tao Nature Reserves (BK), and Phuong Hoang - Than Sa Nature Reserves (TN). Therefore, these are areas that are assessed as RTL and KTL for ecotourism development.

In general, the territory of TN – TQ – BK has great potential to develop ecotourism. The spatial distribution of this type of tourism is as follows:

The area assessed as RTL for ecotourism development includes the entire area of Ba Be National Park and part of Tam Dao National Park in TN and China. Most of the area of natural reserves: Cham Chu, Tat Ke Ban Bung, Than Sa - Phuong Hoang and part of Kim Hy Natural Reserve.

The area assessed as KTL for eco-tourism development covers a large area, distributed widely across 3 provinces, except for Thai Nguyen City, Song Cong, Pho Yen Town, Bac Kan City, Tuyen Quang City, towns of districts, densely populated areas and along traffic routes.

The territory with sparse vegetation, densely populated areas of cities, towns and townships are areas that are assessed at the level of medium favorable for ecotourism. However, in some special cases, because this area has no biological factors for ecotourism, it can be considered that the biological coefficient is 0 and thus this area is assessed as less favorable for ecotourism.

2.2.3.2. Assessment of sustainability of ecotourism

For ecotourism, the most decisive criterion is biology. However, currently most of the national parks and nature reserves have been affected by activities.

economic impacts of people (these impacts have been considered in the assessment for DLTQ). Therefore, it has greatly affected the sustainability as well as the ability to develop sustainable tourism of the territory. Therefore, when assessing DLTQ from a sustainability perspective, it can be seen that in the territory of TN - TQ - BK, the potential for developing DLTQ has almost decreased.

2.2.4. General assessment of 3 types of tourism

The overall assessment results for the three types of tourism are based on the overlapping of the assessment results for each type of tourism.

Table 2.23. Classification of the level of convenience of 3 types of tourism

Classification of Tourism Types

Rating points by rating hierarchy
RTL	KTL	TB	ITL
DLTQ	4	3	2	1
DLND	4	3	2	1
DLST	4	3	2	1
Total score	12	9	6	3

Using GIS to overlay 3 general assessment maps for each type of tourism, calculate the area of each assessment level, the assessment results for 3 types of tourism in the research territory are as follows:

The RTL assessed area has an area of 764.5 km2 , accounting for 5.3% of the territory, including Ba Be National Park (BK), part of the east of Tam Dao National Park, most of the areas of the following NRs: Tat Ke - Ban Bung, Cham Chu, Kim Hy, Phuong Hoang Than Sa, Nui Coc Lake tourist area, and Dinh Hoa ATK.

The KTL area has an area of 7,534 km2 , accounting for 52.7% of the territory within the districts of Ba Be, Cho Don, Bach Thong of Bac Ninh province, most of the area of Na Hang, Lam Binh, Chiem Hoa, Yen Son districts and part of the area.

Remains of Son Duong and Ham Yen districts (China). In TN, mainly distributed in Vo Nhai district (around Than Sa conservation area), Dai Tu district (foot of Tam Dao and around Nui Coc lake), and scattered in Dinh Hoa (ATK), Phu Luong and Dong Hy.

The area of the territory is assessed at the average level for developing 3 types of tourism at 5837 km2 , accounting for 40.8%, including most of the area of Na Ri, Ngan Son, Pac Nam districts, Bac Kan city and about 1/3 of Cho Moi district (BK); Scattered throughout the districts of the province, but more in Son Duong, Tuyen Quang city and Ham Yen; Occupying most of the area of districts, cities and towns of Thai Nguyen (except Vo Nhai and Dai Tu).

The ITL area occupies a small area: 166.1 km2 ( accounting for 1.2%) of the research territory and is mainly in the high mountainous areas of Bach Thong, Ngan Son, Ba Be, Pac Nam districts of BK and a small area in the high mountains in the north of Na Hang district of China.

From the results of spatial analysis, the average evaluation score for each type of tourism and for all 3 types of tourism shows that the most favorable areas for tourism development in the research territory are Ba Be Lake, Nui Coc Lake and ATK Thai Nguyen. However, the average evaluation score for each type of tourism is different.

Areas with beautiful, diverse landscapes, combined with beautiful lakes and waterfalls are valuable for developing national tourism such as Nui Coc Lake and Ba Be Lake.

The human health conditions in the TN – TQ – BK territories are considered very suitable for tourism development. The territory’s health resources are suitable for human health, so they can be exploited for the purpose of rest, treatment and health recovery. Areas with beautiful landscapes, lakes, forests such as Ba Be Lake, Nui Coc Lake and especially areas with hot mineral springs such as My Lam (China) are RTL locations for building tourism development areas.

The system of national parks and nature reserves in TN - TQ - BK has high biodiversity value, including many ecosystems, many endemic and rare animal species. These are valuable tourism resources, especially for ecotourism and national tourism, so they can form attractive tourist destinations and routes.

In exploiting natural resources to develop tourism, for midland and mountainous areas such as the research territory, in addition to the diversity and uniqueness of nature, the ability to develop tourism also depends on many factors: Tourism infrastructure; The ability to invest in tourism exploitation of tourism managers and operators; The relationship between tourism development and local communities.

Overlaying tourism infrastructure into the evaluation results data layer for 3 types of tourism of TN - TQ - BK can see:

Most of the tourist areas, spots and routes being exploited in the territory are concentrated in places with a high concentration of natural landscapes and quite complete accommodation facilities, with relatively convenient transportation. Other areas such as Na Hang Lake, Ban Ba Waterfall, Phuong Hoang Cave - Mo Ga Stream... have great potential, but because the transportation system has not been upgraded and accommodation facilities have not been invested in, tourism activities there have not yet developed.

Chapter 2 Summary

In chapter 2, some main contents were mentioned as follows: Overview of natural conditions and natural resources affecting tourism development of the territory

TN – TQ – BK.

Identify the types of tourism that have potential for development in the research area. This identification is based on the characteristics of the resources of the territory. It can be seen that the territory of TN - TQ - BK has many favorable conditions to develop 3 types of tourism: DLTQ, DLND, DLECO.

Conduct a natural comprehensive assessment for the development of 3 selected types of tourism. The thesis has built an assessment scale for each type of tourism based on selected criteria and indicators. Each type of tourism has its own assessment level and weight for each criterion suitable to the characteristics of that type of tourism. Building an assessment scale for each type of tourism is both quantitative and qualitative and requires a combination of many methods.

Constructing component assessment maps and general assessment maps showing spatial differentiation for the development of each type of tourism. The results of this study can be considered consistent with the territorial reality and can be trusted. In addition, it also considers evaluating natural conditions and tourism resources from a sustainability perspective based on analysis of the impacts of economic activities and climate change on the value of tourism resources.

Chapter 3. ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THAI NGUYEN – TUYEN QUANG – BAC KAN TERRITORIES

3.1. Current status of tourism development and issues arising in exploiting tourism resources in Thai Nguyen - Tuyen Quang - Bac Kan territory from a sustainable perspective

3.1.1. Current status of tourism development

3.1.1.1. Current status of tourists

The number of tourists and the characteristics of the tourist market are important indicators to evaluate the level of tourism development of a tourist destination, area, region or an entire country. Therefore, in the study of tourism development, the study of the tourist market is an extremely important and indispensable step. The indicators of the number of tourists will reflect the level of development of the tourist destination, the attractiveness of the tourist destination, the potential to attract tourists of the tourist destination, etc.

The territory of TN – TQ – BK is a place with relatively diverse tourism resources. In recent years, the number of tourists coming here has increased quite rapidly. However, tourists coming here have some characteristics:

- International tourists account for a small number, mainly domestic tourists.

- Tourists often go on a day trip because the infrastructure has been improved, making travel convenient.

- The purpose of tourists' travel is to enjoy the attractive values of natural landscapes, travel to the roots and a small part has spiritual elements.

Table 3.1. Tourists to TN-TQ-BK localities in the period 2010 - 2015

Unit: number of visitors

Year

Location

2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Thai Nguyen	Total guests	1,450,000	1,600,000	1,651,000	1,784,381	1,801,980	1,936,370
	International	21,600	36,200	30,000	34,369	70,043	63,551
	Inland	1,428,400	1,563,600	1,626,000	1,750,012	1,731,937	1,872,819
Tuyen Quang	Total guests	530,000	603,000	730,000	860,000	1,015,000	1,309,000
	International	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Inland	-	-	-	-	-	-
Bac Kan	Total guests	150,578	192852	227,700	245,300	300,000	360,000
	International	5,334	8448	10,030	6,681	9,312	10,000
	Inland	145,480	184404	217,670	238,619	290,688	350,000

Source [Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism TN - TQ - BK]

Currently, the management of the tourist market segmented by tourism market in Vietnam in general, especially in the research territory, is still very limited. However, according to observations and preliminary investigation analysis based on surveys of tourists' opinions, it is found that the number of tourists coming to TN - TQ - BK territory is up to 90% for the purpose of sightseeing, relaxation, and ecotourism (ecotourism here is only at the elementary level and not in the true sense of ecotourism).

3.1.1.2. Tourism revenue

Tourism revenue includes all revenues paid by tourists including: revenue from accommodation, food and beverage, tourist transportation, souvenir sales, other services... In fact, all of these revenues are not

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