GRADUATION THESIS
THE ROLE OF THE SHRIMP - MANGROVE MODEL IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE LIVELIHOOD OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN DUYEN HAI DISTRICT - TRA VINH
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Major: Environmental Science Major: Environmental Management
Student: NGUYEN KHANH PHUONG THAO Instructor: MSc. VO THI MINH HOANG
Course: 2012- 2016
Ho Chi Minh City – 2016
First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the teachers of the Faculty of Environment - University of Natural Sciences - Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, especially the teachers in the Department of Environmental Management who have imparted to me a lot of knowledge and experience during my studies and training at the school.
To complete my graduation thesis, I received great help, care and thoughtful guidance from my supervisor, Ms. Vo Thi Minh Hoang. She enthusiastically explained to me the experiences in scientific research as well as how to apply it to life. I sincerely thank her!
We would like to thank Vo Thi Thu Cuc and Nguyen Thi Phuong Duyen in the research group for their dedication in working together on the project, helping each other and solving difficulties encountered during group work.
Thank you Mr. Long and the collaborators of Tra Vinh University for helping me complete the survey.
Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends who have helped, encouraged and created conditions for me to complete this thesis.
During the process of writing my thesis, although I tried my best, I still could not avoid mistakes. I hope teachers and friends will contribute ideas to perfect my research topic.
Once again, I would like to thank everyone sincerely! I wish everyone success and happiness in life!
Ho Chi Minh City, June 2016
Student Nguyen Khanh Phuong Thao
The Mekong Delta - Vietnam is currently facing negative consequences mainly due to climate change and ineffective traditional delta planning. Strategic delta planning is expected to make the Mekong Delta more adaptive to climate change. The Mekong Delta Plan 2013 (MDP) is a representative of the strategic delta plan, which was established to address the challenges facing the Mekong Delta. In which, the "integrated shrimp - mangrove model" is one of the proposed solutions to create a type of shrimp farming in mangrove forests, a model that is considered sustainable thanks to its environmental benefits, such as coastal protection services towards sustainable development in the future. The study was conducted to analyze the perception of people in the Mekong Delta on the role of shrimp - mangroves in the context of saline intrusion and climate change. In-depth interviews, field surveys, questionnaires and conjoint analysis were used in the study to collect local communities’ opinions on the selected model and determine their preferences through willingness to pay (WTPs). We conducted the survey in three different areas, based on the zoning of the MDP. The main results of this study were: 60% of the respondents indicated their concerns about salinity intrusion. Respondents’ satisfaction with the shrimp-mangrove model was low (33.3%). However, among the three innovative solutions proposed in this synthesis study (Floating rice for the upstream area, water space in the mid-area and integrated shrimp-mangrove model for the coastal area), the shrimp-mangrove model did not receive a significant result with a p-value of 0.33. Therefore, there is no explanation for respondents' willingness to pay for the development of mangrove polyculture model - but the author concludes that this model is not of much interest to people in the Mekong Delta.
Keywords: shrimp-mangrove farming model, saltwater intrusion, strategic planning of the delta region
Title: Roles of “shrimp-mangrove integration model” in contributing to the livelihoods of local community as perceived by local farmers – in Duyen Hai, Tra Vinh
The Vietnamese Mekong Delta is now facing the negative consequences mostly caused by climate change and ineffective traditional delta planning. Strategic delta planning is expected to lead the Mekong Delta more adaptive to climate change situation. The Mekong Delta Plan 2013 is a representative of strategic delta planning that tried to address challenges that the Mekong Delta has faced. In which "Integration of mangrove - shrimp model," is one of the proposed solutions aimed at creating sustainable shrimp farming and mangrove strip as coastal protection service towards sustainable future development. The research was conducted aiming at analyzing perception of the Mekong delta's inhabitants towards the roles of the mangrove - shrimp as a polyculture model in saline intrusion and climate change context. In-depth interviews, field survey, questionnaires and conjoint analysis were applied in the study to gather opinions of local community on the chosen model and identify their preferences through willingness to pay (WTPs). We conducted the survey in three different populations: The main results of this research are: 60% of respondents showed their concern on saline intrusion. Satisfaction of respondents about polyculture of mangrove - shrimp model is low (33.3%). However, among the three proposed innovative solutions within this integrated study (Floating rice for Upper delta, Room for the Rivers for the Middle, and Shrimp-Mangrove integration for the coastal delta and have been among others, proposed by the MDP), the Shrimp -mangrove model did not enjoy significant result with p-value is 0.33. Therefore, there is no interpretation in terms of willingness-to-pay of respondents on developing polyculture of mangrove - shrimp model but the author draws a conclusion that this model has not been much concerned by the Mekong delta's inhabitants.
Key words : polyculture of mangrove - shrimp model, saline intrusion, strategic planning delta, willing-to-pay.
THANK YOU i
SUMMARY ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
PHOTO LIST ix
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Problem 1
Research objective 3
Research Area 3
Research subject 3
Research History 3
1.5.1. World 3
1.5.2. Vietnam 4
CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW 8
Overview of the research area 8
2.1.1. Natural and social conditions of the Mekong Delta 8
2.1.2. Natural and social conditions of Duyen Hai district 10
Overview of saltwater intrusion 11
2.2.1. Concept 11
2.2.2. Development of saltwater intrusion in Duyen Hai district 11
Overview of planning 15
2.3.1. Types of planning in Vietnam 15
2.3.2. The planning process towards sustainable development in Tra Vinh province
................................................................................................................................23 2.3.3. Mekong Delta strategic planning process......................................................24
Shrimp-mangrove farming model (TRNM) 36
2.4.1. What is the shrimp-mangrove farming model? 36
2.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of model 37
2.4.3. The economic role of the model 37
2.4.4. The role of the model in society 39
2.4.5. The role of environmental models 39
Some existing aquaculture models in Duyen Hai district 41
2.5.1. Extensive farming 41
2.5.2. Improved extensive farming 41
2.5.3. Semi-intensive farming 42
2.5.4. Intensive farming 42
2.5.5. Shrimp-rice model 43
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH CONTENT AND METHODS 44
Research content 44
Research Methods 44
3.2.1. Information collection method 44
3.2.2. In-depth interview method 45
3.2.3. Survey method 45
3.2.4. SWOT method 46
3.2.5. Statistical methods and data processing 47
3.2.6. Combined analysis method 47
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 51
Literature review results – comparison of two models for analyzing the planning process 51
In-depth interview results 53
4.2.1. History of development of shrimp farming model - RNM 53
4.2.2. Model description 54
4.2.3. History of the formation of the two models 57
4.2.4. Comparison of two models 57
4.2.5. Consultation on shrimp-mangrove farming model 58
4.2.6. Planning 59
4.2.7. Sea dike problem 59
Qualitative survey results 60
4.3.1. General information about the interview subjects 60
4.3.2. Level of concern about saltwater intrusion 63
4.3.3. Impact of XNM on households 63
4.3.4. Level of damage caused by XNM 64
4.3.5. The importance of controlling saline intrusion 65
4.3.6. Water source used 65
4.3.7. Costs of coping with and overcoming consequences of saltwater intrusion 66
4.3.8. Government Support 66
4.3.9. Shrimp farming model - mangrove forest 67
4.3.10. Policies contributing to local livelihood development 69
4.3.11. People's opinions on the development of aquaculture and the situation of XNM 70
Willingness to pay results 70
4.4.1. Attribute and level selection basis 70
4.4.2. Selecting respondents for questionnaire 73
4.4.3. Choosing data collection methods 74
4.4.4. Survey design 74
4.4.5. Conduct official survey 76
4.4.6. Analysis of results 76
4.4.7. Assessment of validity and reliability 81
4.4.8. Interpretation of estimation results 81
SWOT analysis on applying shrimp-mangrove farming model to planning 82
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84
Conclusion 84
Recommendation 85
REFERENCES 86
APPENDIX 91
Climate change Climate change
Government
CVM Random Assessment Method Mekong Delta Mekong Delta
MDP Mekong Delta Plan
Environment
Decree
Agroforestry
Aquaculture
Combined Analysis
RMN Mangrove Forest
City. City
TRNM Shrimp farming model - mangrove forest VND Vietnam Dong
XNM Saltwater intrusion
WTP Willingness to pay