However, there are staff members who are concurrently in functional departments such as the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. The District Health Department has from 1 to 3 staff members who are concurrently responsible for NS&VSMTNT. The District Education Department has from 1 to 2 school health managers who are concurrently responsible for NS&VSMTNT.
- Commune level: In the People's Committee of the commune, there is usually a concurrent assignment of a committee leader, usually the Vice Chairman in charge of culture and society, who is also responsible for the state management of NS&VSMTNT in the area. Some communes also assign the task of managing and operating the water supply system in the commune to the People's Committee for direct management and operation.
1.4.3 The activities of consulting and career units have achieved certain results.
* National Center for Rural Development and Environment : is a public service unit under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development with extensive experience in performing research, consulting, training, communication, etc. tasks in the field of Rural Development and Environment. The Center's human resources have basic university and postgraduate degrees of up to 86.5% with relatively uniform professions.
* Provincial Centers for Water Supply and Sanitation : In general, provincial Centers for Water Supply and Sanitation are often assigned specific tasks such as: Being the investor of a number of works and projects within the scope of the National Target Program or international cooperation projects on Water Supply and Sanitation; Directly managing and operating a number of water supply and sanitation projects that have completed the basic construction investment phase; Performing the work of testing the quality of water produced at water supply and sanitation projects directly managed by the provincial Water Center; Performing the tasks of the Standing Office of the Steering Committee of the National Target Program on Water Supply and Sanitation at the provincial level.
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Organizing, Directing the Implementation of the Program, Activities of the Support Department, Direct Intervention to Support Children and Other Consulting Activities -
Lending activities of the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development for farmers in Quang Binh province - 1 -
Strengthening Resources for Organizing Tourism Activities of Local Communities and Historical and Cultural Relic Management Units -
Assessment of the current status of land use rights mortgage activities at the Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Dien Bien province branch - 2 -
Analysis of personal credit activities at An Giang Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development - Thoai Son District Branch - 2
- Provincial preventive medicine centers : Provincial preventive medicine centers are assigned to perform career-related tasks to support State management in the field of NS&VSMTNT, with about 3 to 7 full-time and part-time staff in charge of inspecting CLN, organizing movements, and promoting communication on NS&VSMTNT.
1.4.4 Efficiency of rural centralized water supply projects (CNTTNT)
Provinces have strengthened the implementation of measures to organize and manage the operation of IT projects according to Decree No. 117/2007/ND-CP dated July 11, 2007 [6] and Directive No.
105/2006/CT-BNN dated November 16, 2006 and has achieved results such as: localities have been selecting and applying management organization models suitable for their localities to improve the efficiency of exploiting ITNT works after completing construction. Therefore, the situation of CLNSHNT provided to people for use has also gradually improved.
1.4.5 Efficiency of small water supply projects
Small-scale household water supply works are the main form of management for small-scale rural water supply works today. Localities have applied the state's investment support mechanism, mobilizing people to build new, repair, renovate, manage, and maintain the hygiene of small-scale household water supply works. From 2006 to now, on average, about 300,000 small-scale water supply works have been newly invested in or renovated and upgraded each year. Many households have paid attention to maintaining the hygiene and protecting small-scale water sources. Thanks to that, the quality of domestic water supplied from small-scale water supply works in many rural areas has improved significantly compared to before.
(Source: Bui Quoc Lap "Current management of rural domestic water quality and some issues that need to be solved")
1.4.6 Some current policies on management of rural domestic water works
- Decree No. 117/2007/ND-CP dated July 11, 2007 of the Government on production, supply and consumption of clean water;
- Decree No. 124/2011/ND-CP dated December 28, 2011 of the Government on amending and supplementing a number of articles of Decree No. 117/2007/ND-CP dated July 11, 2007 of the Government on production, supply and consumption of clean water;
- Circular No. 54/2013/TT-BTC dated May 4, 2013 of the Ministry of Finance regulating the management, use and exploitation of centralized rural clean water supply works.
- Decision No. 131/2009/QD-TTg dated November 2, 2009 of the Prime Minister on a number of preferential policies, encouraging investment and management and exploitation of rural clean water supply works;
- Pursuant to Decree No. 87/2017/ND-CP dated July 26, 2017 of the Government stipulating the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Ministry of Finance;
- Directive No. 35/CT-TTg dated December 27, 2016 of the Prime Minister on strengthening management, improving the efficiency of exploitation and sustainable use of centralized rural clean water supply works.
1.5 Experience in investing and managing the exploitation of rural clean water projects in the world and Vietnam
1.5.1 Experience in Vietnam
1.5.1.1 Experience in Thai Binh province
+ How to make clean water projects not wasteful? From the determination of authorities at all levels and the change in people's awareness, an unprecedented movement towards clean water has begun to appear in the countryside of Thai Binh. If in 2012, the total investment capital for clean water projects in Thai Binh was only over 613 billion VND, by 2017, there had been over 2,000 billion invested in the construction and management of 56 water supply projects. However, in reality, it is a long way to bring clean water to households. Inadequacies began to be revealed. The cry about the quality of water sources began to ring out.
+ People thirst for clean water. In June 2016, people in Phu Chu, My Bong, Huong Dien villages, Viet Hung commune, Vu Thu district suffered from the quality of clean water and the lack of tap water, which was weak and not enough to meet people's needs in the summer," said Mr. Pham Xuan Nghia, Vice Chairman of Viet Hung Commune People's Committee. The commune also requested the water supply company to increase its operating capacity, upgrade pipes and equipment, and the company's representative made many promises, but the situation has not improved. Also in July 2016, nearly 2,000 households in Vu Hoi commune, Vu Thu district, who used clean water supplied by the commune, were always worried about the quality. Mr. Do Ngoc Oanh, Hieu Thien village, Vu Hoi commune, Vu Thu district emphasized: "In general, the water quality in previous years was still good, but now it is very polluted, so we are all worried." In August 2017, nearly 300 households in Tam Quang commune, Vu Thu district did not have access to clean water, mainly concentrated in the two villages of Hoa Binh and Vo Ngai.
Also in September 2017, people in 17 communes under the water supply scope of Hung Ha Clean Water Joint Stock Company reported to the authorities at all levels to request a solution to the situation of losing money without being able to use clean water. Many families have broken rainwater tanks and replaced them with tap water tests, but have waited for a long time without seeing the company fulfill its commitment.
rural clean water connection. The water quality of some enterprises and water supply stations such as Hung Ha town water supply station, Hung Nhan town water supply station, Bitexco Nam Long Company Limited, Phuong La station, Thanh Cach station... suddenly became erratic.
In addition to the water supply stations with erratic quality, 18 other clean water projects in the province have stopped operating, of which 13 projects were invested with capital from the National Target Program and 5 projects were invested with other capital sources such as self-invested enterprises, capital from the Ministry of Science and Technology, capital from the Ministry of Construction... while the total design capacity of these projects is up to 4,800 m3/day and night with a total of 12,595 households receiving water.
The reasons for the water supply stations to stop operating were determined to be due to small investment scale, not suitable for the trend of concentrated production; inconsistent management model, poor management activities, high water loss rate, not fully exploiting the design capacity and water quality of some works not guaranteed...
“It is already difficult to get people to overcome the barrier of abandoning wells and using clean water. Now if people lose faith in clean water and in the way the Party and government work, it will be extremely difficult to start over.” That is what makes the leaders of Thai Binh province worry. Because in reality, many other provinces and cities across the country have also stumbled!
+ Actively listening and decisively taking action: Grasping the thoughts and opinions of the people, the Provincial Party Committee, the People's Council, the Provincial People's Committee and all levels and sectors have actively taken action. On August 23, 2017, the working group of the Provincial People's Committee and the People's Committee of Vu Thu district went down to inspect the clean water supply situation in Tam Quang commune, directing Nam Long Water Plant to urgently overcome all difficulties to supply water to the people as soon as possible. Just one day later, from August 24, clean water was available to families in the area.
In Hung Ha district, Mr. Pham Van Sinh - Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee; Mr. Nguyen Hong Dien - Member of the Party Central Committee, Deputy Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, Chairman of the Provincial People's Committee; Mr. Dang Trong Thang - Standing Deputy Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, Chairman of the Provincial People's Council and many members of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee directly came to direct and request enterprises to provide clean water to people in 17 communes of Hung Ha district.
"If on November 16, 2017, the Company does not implement the above contents or is not on schedule in the plan, the unit will be fully responsible and agree to let the Provincial People's Committee adjust the water supply planning of the project for other enterprises" is the strong direction of the leaders of the Provincial Party Committee and People's Committee of Thai Binh province at this working session.
Also according to the direction of the Provincial Party Committee and Provincial People's Committee leaders at the working sessions: "For Hung Ha district, direct enterprises to publicly disclose documents related to water quality to the people. Assign responsibility to mass organizations (farmers, veterans, women) to promote propaganda and mobilize people to connect to clean water. Proactively coordinate with enterprises to solve current problems."
As a result, by December 31, 2017, Hung Ha district - from the locality with the lowest rate of households using clean, hygienic water in the province, under 30%, has increased to over 65%.
In 2017, the Subcommittee on Clean Water Quality Management - Steering Committee for the implementation of investment projects for rural clean water supply works in Thai Binh province, together with the interdisciplinary inspection team, inspected the water supply activities of 53 water supply projects. Based on the inspection results, the Steering Committee and the Provincial People's Committee directed the implementation of measures to handle remaining problems to ensure the quality of clean water supplied to the people.
+ Solve any problems right there: "Clean water cannot stop at the village gate but must go straight to households". "People cannot lose money without using clean water" was emphasized by Chairman of Thai Binh Provincial People's Committee Nguyen Hong Dien at many meetings. The determination to increase the rate of households using clean water in all localities in the area was also conveyed by provincial leaders to all levels and sectors. Organizing monthly meetings, issuing timely and prompt directives and direct instructions from provincial leaders have resolved many problems in the implementation of the Project by investors, ensuring the implementation of the plan and set goals.
Not only that, the provincial People's Committee leader clearly stated a deadline requiring investors to be determined to implement: "By December 31, 2017, projects that have completed level 1 pipelines must achieve a connection rate of over 80%. Projects that are in the process of completion and expansion must speed up construction and installation progress and must achieve a connection rate of 65%. After this time, businesses that are behind schedule will be considered by the province to adjust the network, or even revoke their investment certificates, based on the level of violation."
1.5.1.2 Ha Nam experience
Directive 04/CT-UBND in 2017 on strengthening management, improving efficiency of exploitation and sustainable use of centralized rural clean water supply works issued by Ha Nam province
In recent years, implementing the policy of socializing rural clean water projects, the investment, construction, management, use and exploitation of concentrated rural clean water projects in the province have achieved important results. Some areas of the province with difficulties in clean water have been basically resolved. Many newly built centralized water supply projects have been invested in and completed, old and degraded projects have been invested in, renovated and upgraded to ensure sustainable water supply, contributing to improving the lives of rural people.
In addition to the achieved results, there are still shortcomings: the whole province still has 20 small, degraded and damaged water supply stations that have not been liquidated; 15 water supply stations managed by the People's Committee of the commune are inefficiently operated and have not been renovated, upgraded or handed over to enterprises for investment and upgrading, leading to poor water quality; some projects have not been settled or the settlement records do not meet the requirements; investment capital is diverse from many programs and many different sources, so the monitoring, accounting and depreciation of projects have not received due attention; production costs have not been calculated correctly and fully into the cost of clean water; approval of water selling prices and water price compensation have not been implemented.
1.5.1.3 Nam Dinh experience
In Nam Dinh province, this model is currently being widely applied in many localities across the country, typically Nam Dinh province, according to a report by the Center.
Clean water and rural environmental sanitation, in recent years, many households in the city center or districts and communes in Nam Dinh province have had clean water for daily use.
The above successes are partly contributed by Nam Dinh Rural Water and Sanitation Joint Stock Company, with a systematic but effective approach, which is to provide clean water according to the inter-commune model.
Figure 1.1 Image of the inter-commune clean water supply model for rural areas in Nam Dinh province (Source: http://www.trungtamnuocsach.vn)
Currently, the company is managing 5 factories, supplying water to 13 communes, with the selling price to each family being 3,800 VND/m3 (for factories invested from national target program capital) and 4,500 VND/m3 (for factories invested from WB loans). In 2008, the company had more than 12,300 households participating in connecting water meters, the total volume of commercial water sold was 754,950m3, the loss rate was 19.9%, the average water usage per household was 5.7m3/month, the revenue reached more than 3 billion VND. With the organization of clean water supply according to the inter-commune model of Nam Dinh Clean Water and Rural Sanitation Joint Stock Company, many families in rural areas of Nam Dinh have had access to clean water sources. The inter-commune clean water supply model has advantages such as: fully exploiting surface water sources in large rivers to process them into clean water sources to supply to people in arsenic-contaminated areas, high investment efficiency.
Due to the costs of land, electricity, machinery, water pipes, there are conditions to apply advanced water treatment technology, focus on management, and monitor the efficiency of water plants. However, to build centralized clean water supply works between communes, investment capital is needed, especially mobilizing counterpart capital from the people.
1.5.2 Experience in some countries
1.5.2.1 French water company business model
French water companies are not privatized. The government not only directly manages water supply, but also directly invests in business. The business models of French water companies can be summarized as follows:
Type 1 , City management agencies not only invest and construct but also establish companies to directly conduct business, with unified ownership and business rights, essentially being completely state-owned companies.
Type 2 : The city management agency invests and constructs but authorizes a business company to conduct business management. The business company invests working capital to conduct business, and the money earned from water business is used to pay interest on construction loans, with a term of 20 years. This business model, although ownership and business rights are still linked together, has been delegated for management.
Type 3 , the city management agency invests, constructs, and franchises business to business companies (term of 30 years), business companies pay licensing fees (equivalent to the purchase of water supply equipment), and through business management recover profits, that is, ownership and management rights are separated for a certain period of time.
Type 4 , the city management agency approves the project, signs a contract with the company (term of 30 years), the company is authorized to carry out investment, construction and business, after the contract period ends, the property belongs to the city, that is, limited-term privatization.