Tourism Resources Classification Diagram

1.3.2. Karst terrain

* Karst concept

Karst encompasses the totality of unique landforms and the processes that create them, mainly the processes of leaching and dissolution of surface water and groundwater on rocks with many cracks and pores that can be dissolved. The karst phenomenon manifests itself in the terrain through the following aspects:

Creates a unique underground hydrological system and surface hydrological system, which is completely different from the conventional erosion terrain caused by flowing water.

Creates surface and underground voids in karstified rock.

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Creates negative topography on the surface and voids underground, in insoluble rocks above or surrounding karstified rocks.

Karst topography is not only a unique type of terrain but also a landscape, a special type of natural environment. This uniqueness is evident even when observed from a distance.

* Ca ru

Ca ru is also known as cat ear rock or rock peak, rock groove. It is a jagged terrain commonly found on limestone surfaces. They have different sizes, separated by grooves from a few centimeters to several meters deep. The developed ca ru terrain makes the slope surface comb-shaped and very dangerous.

The karsts usually form chaotically arranged beds with no particular pattern. Karst topography occurs at all elevations from limestone coastlines to snow-capped mountain peaks. When karsts grow over large areas they form karst fields.

In general, karst is a surface landform, but there are also underground karsts, which often form in underground streams or caves or develop underground beneath layers of loose sediment.

* Well, funnel, karst plate, karst field

In karst areas, there are many negative landforms with different sizes and shapes. These landforms are named mainly based on shape and size.

- First of all, we must mention the hydrodynamics. These are deep holes and water intake holes, usually located at the bottom of karst depressions and acting as drainage caves. At first, they are just cracks that gradually widen due to the dissolving and erosive effects of water. Because the water going down often swirls strongly, they are eroded into round or tubular shapes.

- Funnel-shaped karst depressions. These are the most common type of karst depressions on the surface of karst masses. Because of their cross-sectional shape, they are called karst funnels, and are usually circular or oval in shape. If the hydrodynamics at the bottom of the funnel have ceased to function and are filled with sediment, the karst funnel can turn into a lake.

- Karst discs are usually very shallow terrain, with a very gentle bottom, slightly concave, gentle slopes and a very gradual transition into the surrounding surface. In most cases, the bottom of a karst disc is often covered with a layer of loose sediment.

- Karst wells are a less common type of terrain than karst funnels. The diameter of this type of terrain can be tens of meters wide, with great depth, steep and jagged walls, and at the bottom there are many stacked boulders with active hydrodynamics. This type of terrain is formed by vertical cave sections that have been widened and collapsed.

- Karst fields are basins of karst origin with relatively large sizes, usually formed in areas of limestone that have been strongly deformed by tectonics and along faults. However, they can also be found in areas of limestone with other structures. The morphological characteristics of karst fields are flat and wide bottoms, covered with a layer of loose sediments, and steep high walls. Sometimes on the flat bottom, you can find small rivers with strong meanders, and here and there, small limestone peaks protrude.

* Karst cave

Caves are hollow structures of various sizes and shapes. They form within basaltic formations and are connected to the ground by one or more openings. They may have different origins. In limestone regions, karst caves are one of the most common landforms.

Regarding the origin of formation, karst caves are mainly formed by the process of limestone dissolution. The birth and arrangement of limestone caves are predetermined by cracks, and surface water penetrates deep into the karst blocks through these cracks and gradually expands to form a complex underground channel system, interspersed with expansions and sometimes arranged into different high and low levels. Normally, karst caves are only formed in horizontal underground water circulation zones corresponding to the local erosion origin. Thus, when we see the phenomenon of multi-layered caves, we must analyze to find the cause, which is most likely caused by new tectonic movements.

+ Karst caves are divided into 3 types:

- Ventilated cave. A cave with two doors to the outside air.

- Hot cave. Belongs to the group of dead-end caves, with only one entrance to the outside at bottom level.

- Cold cave. Also belongs to the dead-end cave group but has a door to the outside located at the top of the cave.

In addition, the cave also has other types of terrain such as: stone bells, stalagmites, stone pillars...

1.3.3. Tectonic fault terrain

Usually large planetary terrains. The original rough and concave terrain of the earth is formed by faults and tectonics. From high mountain ranges, to linear terrain, lakes, swamps, and depressions... and over time, external factors such as climate, heat, hydrology, etc. erode and reduce the roughness of the terrain surface. Therefore, it can be said that tectonic faults create primitive terrain and determine the presence of terrain forms on earth.

* Positive terrain

Is a type of terrain that rises higher than sea level and above the surrounding flat area. Such as a mountain range, a mountain, a plateau...

* Negative terrain

Is a type of terrain lower than sea level and lower than the surrounding area such as a valley, lake, lagoon, natural deep hole, underground cave...

* Fault

It is the stretching and breaking up of the earth's crust caused by the energy within the earth and the movement between continental and oceanic plates. The most common manifestation of faulting in the terrain is linear topographic elements, such as tectonic valleys, even hydrological systems are predetermined by tectonic fractures.

Faults can exist alone but can also be arranged in parallel systems, making the earth's crust have a block structure and the terrain has a terraced shape or forming grabens and ramparts. In the case of sliding, we can observe the discontinuity and displacement of the ridge very clearly. On the other hand, this structure also has a particularly strong crushing effect.

The significance of the topography of faults is that they can be the basis for lava eruptions to create volcanic terrain along the fault line. And when many faults act together, the soil and rocks are crushed, thus creating conditions for erosion and erosion processes to operate strongly.

1.3.4. Erosive terrain

This type of terrain is characterized by its river systems being predetermined by tectonic faults and by the structure of ancient erosional terrain. Current river systems develop in succession or overlap with ancient erosional terrains. Surface erosion processes and semi-plaintification processes play a very important role in the evolution of the terrain. In the morphology of

This type of terrain clearly shows the geological structural features expressed through the asymmetry of the valley in the longitudinal profile of the river.

Paleoclimate changes and neotectonic movements have created a complex of river terraces. The structural and lithological characteristics of the sedimentary cover are favorable for the development of valley-slope dissecting terrain. Depending on the level of tectonic activity, low or high erosional plains can develop.

1.3.5. Accumulated terrain

This type of terrain includes plains that accumulate along river valleys, large plains often develop in depressions and depressions.

The terrain of mountain flow accumulation also depends deeply on the tectonic structure. The most favorable accumulation conditions are in the intermountain basins or pre-mountain troughs. The intra-mountain accumulation plains are formed in tectonic depressions or depressions that are long-term and continuous. Meanwhile, the pre-mountain accumulation plains are formed in pre-mountain troughs, the formation time is often long, the sediment thickness is large.

1.3.6. Principles of terrain classification

Terrain develops in very diverse interaction conditions between endogenous and exogenous processes, on structures that are also very different in terms of structure and lithology. Terrain also develops in an evolutionary manner, starting from an infant state and gradually passing through the stages of youth - maturity and decline.

Thus, the landforms have developed in different circumstances and currently exist in different stages of development, so they are extremely diverse. The scientific research method requires us to know how to group them into groups, into ranges for consideration, and cannot study each type separately, which is the work of classifying landforms.

Classification of terrain according to morphological signs

* Classification by horizontal surface correlation

In relation to the horizontal surface, we have convex and concave landforms. Also known as negative and positive landforms.

* Classification according to the complexity of the terrain

According to this sign, we have complex terrain and simple terrain. Simple terrain is made up of a minimum number of terrain elements. Complex terrain is made up of many simple ones.

* Terrain classification by size

- Planetary terrain: are the forms corresponding to the largest parts of the earth's surface. Determine its general shape, which are continental masses and ocean basins.

- Latitude: are the largest landforms within the range of each planetary landform. Such as mountains, plateaus...

- Medium terrain: has an area of several hundred to several square kilometers, such as a mountain, a hill range, a large karst funnel...

- Micro-terrain: is the smallest terrain type, which plays a role in complicating larger terrain appearances.

* Classification of terrain by morphology and morphometrics

In addition to the morphological indicators of the terrain, if we add more data on morphometric measurements, the terrain classification will be more scientific and the concept of terrain will be more complete and specific.

* Classification of terrain by origin

This is the most popular method used today to classify terrain. Because it not only reflects all three requirements of morphology, origin and development history of terrain types but also suggests directions for us to continue to study terrain in a more profound way. Enriching the understanding of terrain on earth.

- Endogenous terrain includes:

+ Type of tectonic terrain.

+ Volcanic terrain type.

- Exogenous terrain includes:

+ Terrain formed by surface flow.

+ Snow and ice terrain.

+ Terrain formed by wind.

+ Terrain due to underground flow.

+ Terrain formed by weathering.

+ Artificial terrain.

1.4. Concept of tourism

1.4.1. Definition of tourism

" Tourism is the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited ." (27th Conference of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in 1993).[9]

In the 2005 Vietnam Tourism Law, Article 4, Chapter I defines:

" Tourism is activities related to human trips outside their usual place of residence to meet the needs of sightseeing, learning, entertainment, and relaxation within a certain period of time ." [5]

Therefore, it can be said that tourism is an irregular activity of people outside their place of residence and work, taking place during a certain free time, with the purpose of sightseeing, learning, entertainment, relaxation and at the same time raising awareness of the world around them. This tourism activity affects all aspects of the tourist area depending on each specific type of tourism. And conversely, the area determines the presence of different types of tourism.

1.4.2. Tourism resources

" Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, historical and cultural relics, creative works of human labor and other human values that can be used to meet tourism needs, and are the basic factors for forming tourist areas, tourist spots, tourist routes and tourist cities ". (According to the 2005 Vietnam Tourism Law, Article 4, Chapter I).[5]

TOURISM RESOURCES

Nature

Humanities

Tourism resources are divided into two types: natural tourism resources and human tourism resources. Shown in the following diagram.

Terrain

Climate

Water source

Creature

NATURAL HERITAGE

Cultural and historical relics

Festival

Ethnology

Other Humanities

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Figure 1.2. Tourism resource classification diagram

1.4.3. Types of tourism

Types of tourism are very rich and diverse, depending on natural - socio-cultural conditions and depending on different needs and purposes of tourists, those activities are classified into different types of tourism.

Depending on the characteristics, we can divide into natural tourism and cultural tourism. According to the territorial scope, we can divide into international tourism and domestic tourism. Based on the needs of tourists, we can divide into sightseeing, discovery, learning, resort, sports and entertainment tourism.... Based on the tourism organization, we can divide into tour tourism or individual tourism and based on geographical characteristics, we have tourism.

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