Theory of Income's Impact on Spending:

This problem is done based on some basic assumptions like perfect market information, price taking by consumers and the price of the good is linear.

2.2.2. Theory of the impact of income on spending:

According to the theory of E. Engel (1821 - 1896) on the impact of income on spending, he conducted research on family budgets and concluded that consumption spending patterns are different for households with different income levels. Specifically, when income increases, the proportion of income spent on essential goods such as food increases to a certain level, then tends to decrease and spending on luxury goods increases as income increases. This means that poor households often spend most of their income on essential needs such as food, while wealthy households spend most of their income on luxury needs. This change in consumption spending patterns when household income increases is called Engel's law. So according to the theory of the impact of income on spending by E.Engel (1895), fluctuations in income have an impact on household spending on a certain type of goods.

2.2.3. Theory of household investment in education:

Education and training are the most important investments in human capital development strategies according to the human capital studies of Schultz (1961) and Becker (1975). Many studies have demonstrated that secondary and higher education in the United States is a factor contributing to a significant improvement in individual income, even after deducting the direct and indirect costs of attending school, and even after taking into account the fact that people with higher levels of education tend to have higher IQs, have richer and more educated parents. Similar evidence has been available for many years and has now emerged in more than 100 countries with different cultures and economic systems. The incomes of people with higher levels of education almost always exceed the average, but the overall benefits of education are larger in less developed countries. Many studies have also shown that parents decide how many years their children will go to school and how many years they will go to school depends on their expectations about their children's future income. In educational investment, parents are investors, and the profit earned is the difference between the present value of their children's future income and the cost of education. The object of educational investment

Education is first investing in all levels from primary to university, second is investing in adult education to improve the intellectual level of working people.

2.2.4. Household decision-making behavior:

Households in the economy are considered a consumer group, a collective group of many members, so the decision-making behavior on a certain issue, more or less, must be influenced by other members of the household. Douglas's (1983) research also reiterated that the decision-making behavior of households needs to pay attention to the following points:

- The decision-making process of households is not only influenced by household members but also by many complex external factors. Therefore, to make the most beneficial decision, to maximize the total utility of the household, and to limit unfavorable choices, the family needs to calculate and consider before making a decision. External factors can come from sellers or other entities that can influence that decision.

- The circumstances and living conditions, policies regulating rights and obligations affecting that household also affect the household's decision-making behavior.

In short, the decision-making process of a household on a certain issue, such as spending decisions, etc., is influenced by many related factors, from household characteristics to external conditions such as the social environment, government regulations, etc. Therefore, the decision-making process of household spending on education needs to be considered and researched in case it is influenced by many factors.

2.3. Previous related studies:

Master's thesis "Factors affecting household spending on education in the Southeast region" (2012) by author Tran Thanh Son , Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics .

The study used the 2008 household census data set conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam with 594 households in the Southeast region. The author used the variables: (i) general household characteristics (total expenditure, total household size, place of residence), (ii) characteristics of the household head (ethnicity, gender, age, education level), (iii) education financial support policy in the research model. The results showed that the total household expenditure factor is the factor with the strongest impact on education expenditure,

The higher the total household expenditure, the higher the education expenditure. Next to the highest level of education of the household head, the higher the education level, the higher the expenditure on education and vice versa. Another factor is that if the household receives more financial aid for education, the household expenditure on education also increases. And households living in urban areas have higher education expenditure than households living in rural areas. The results also show that factors such as total household size, age, ethnicity and gender of the household head do not affect the household's education expenditure.

Master's thesis "Assessing the impact of household characteristics on secondary education expenditure of Vietnamese households" (2013) by author Dao Thi Yen Nhi, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics .

The study used secondary data from the 2010 household census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam with 2,955 households nationwide. The author used the following variables: (i) household economic characteristics, (ii) household demographic characteristics,

(iii) Characteristics of the household's residential area for analysis. The results show that the average household expenditure and food expenditure have the clearest influence on the household's secondary education expenditure. The educational level of the household head is also positively correlated with the household's educational expenditure. And the older the household head is, the more likely he is to spend on secondary education and to a certain extent it gradually decreases. The ethnicity of the household head also affects secondary education expenditure, the research results show that Kinh and Hoa ethnic groups have higher educational expenditure than other ethnic groups. Another factor that affects the cost of education is the household's residential area, households in urban areas have higher expenditure on secondary education than households living in rural areas. Factors such as the number of people studying at other levels, the number of children under 6 years old, the gender and marital status of the household head do not affect the secondary education expenditure of Vietnamese households.

Master's thesis "Analysis of factors affecting educational expenditure of households in the North Central and Central Coast regions" (2014) by author Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City.

The author uses the data set of the 2010 Census of Vietnam with 2044 households. In the study, the author uses the variables: (i) Economic characteristics of the household, (ii) Demographic characteristics of the household, (iii) Characteristics of the residential area of ​​the household for analysis. The results show that the average expenditure of the household has

have the most positive and significant impact. Food expenditure and health expenditure have a positive impact on education expenditure. Ethnicity, highest level of education of the household head, total household size, gender of children, and place of residence of the household also have an impact on education expenditure.

Research "Analysis of factors affecting people's spending on education in the Mekong Delta" (2014) by Khong Tien Dung and Pham Le Thong (2014), Can Tho University.

The author uses the data set of the 2010 Vietnam Household Census with 1905 observations. The results demonstrate that the higher the education level of the household head, the higher the expenditure on education, this trend is similar to other factors such as family income and age of the household head. Increased income will contribute to a significant increase in the expenditure on education of people in the Mekong Delta. In addition, factors such as extra classes, the number of boys and girls attending school also contribute to this increase in expenditure.

Master's thesis " Assessing factors affecting education expenditure in urban and rural areas of Vietnam" (2014) by author Nguyen Minh Thuan, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics.

The study used the data set of the 2010 and 2012 Vietnam Household Census of Vietnam with 5,679 households in 2010 and 5,609 households in 2012. The author included the following variables in the model for analysis: (i) Economic characteristics of households (Average total expenditure), (ii) Characteristics of household heads (gender, age, education level, marital status, ethnicity), (iii) General characteristics of households (household size, number of people attending school in the household, area of ​​residence). The research results showed that average total expenditure is the variable with the strongest influence on household education expenditure. The age factor of the household head also affects education expenditure, young household heads have a positive impact on education expenditure and vice versa. Education, marital status, ethnicity of the household head, total household size, number of household members attending school, and household residence also affect household education expenditure.

Master's thesis "Evaluating the impact of household characteristics on household education expenditure in coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta" (2015) by author Le Thanh Tong, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics.

The study uses the 2012 Population Census dataset of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam with a sample of 533 households. The author uses the variables: (i) Economic characteristics of the household, (ii)

Demographic characteristics of households, (iii) Characteristics of the living area of ​​households. The results also demonstrate that the expenditure factor has the clearest influence on household education expenditure. Factors such as education level, ethnicity of the household head, number of members under 6 years old, and living area also affect the level of household education expenditure. Factors such as household size, gender, and marital status of the household head do not affect household expenditure on education.

Master's thesis "Analysis of factors affecting household education expenditure in the Mekong Delta region" (2017) by author Nguyen Luu Trung, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics.

The study uses data from the 2014 Vietnam Household Census conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam with 1,905 households in the Mekong Delta region. In the study, the author included the following variables for analysis: (i) Children's learning characteristics (number of children attending school, extra classes), (ii) Characteristics of the household head (gender, education, ethnicity, age), (iii) household characteristics (income, number of people in the household, occupation, place of residence), (iv) access to education support policies. The research results show that children's learning characteristics in the household (number of children of school age) is the factor that has the greatest impact on household education expenditures, in addition, the factor of children's extra classes also has a positive impact on household education expenditures. The second group of variables on household characteristics (income and number of people in the household) has a significant impact on household education expenditures. Third, the group of variables on the characteristics of the household head (education level, ethnicity and age) also has an impact on the household's education expenditure, the ethnicity of the household head being Kinh or Hoa will have a stronger impact than other ethnicities. The study also shows that educational subsidies also affect the level of household education expenditure. Factors such as agricultural household, place of residence, gender of the household head, and whether the household head is a civil servant are not found to have a relationship with the household's education expenditure.

Master's thesis "Assessing the impact of household characteristics on Vietnamese household education expenditure" (2017) by author Phan Ka Luot, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics.

The study used secondary data from the 2014 household census conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam with 5,637 households nationwide. In the study, the author used the following variables: (i) Household head characteristics (gender, ethnicity, age, education, marital status, area of ​​residence), (ii) Household size, (iii) Household expenditure characteristics (health expenditure,

(iv) Residence area. Results: The gender variable of the household head has no relationship with education expenditure, the remaining variables: ethnicity, age, education and marital status of the household head, residence area of ​​the household, household size and household expenditure characteristics group (health expenditure, food expenditure, average expenditure) all have an impact on the household's education expenditure.

Table 2.1: Summary of previous studies on household education

Study

Study Description	Research results
Research "Factors affecting household spending on education in the Southeast region" by Tran Thanh Son (2012)	- The research data is from the 2008 Population Census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, extracted for the Southeast region, with 594 observations. - Research method: Descriptive statistics and OLS regression - Expected independent variables: total expenditure, household size, place of residence of household, ethnicity, gender, education level, age of household head and other education subsidies	Total expenditure, education level of household head, education support policies, and place of residence of household are factors influencing household education expenditure in the Southeast region.
Research "Assessing the impact of household characteristics on secondary education expenditure of Vietnamese households" Dao Thi Yen Nhi (2013)	- The research data is from the 2010 Population Census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, with 2,955 observations. - Research method: OLS regression - Expected independent variables: average expenditure, average food expenditure, age, education level, gender household head, household ethnicity,	The results of average expenditure, household food expenditure, household head's education level, household head's age, household head's ethnicity, and household's living area have an impact on the educational expenditure level of Vietnamese households.

Maybe you are interested!

• Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts - Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835. 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6) - Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51). - Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old). - Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%. - Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities. - Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%. 4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1) Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Alid <1 year 5 .6 .6 .6 1-3 years 194 23.2 23.2 23.8 4-10 years 571 68.4 68.4 92.2 >10 years 65 7.8 7.8 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives. When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country. According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Prepay 591 70.8 70.8 70.8 Pay later 160 19.2 19.2 89.9 Both of the above 84 10.1 10.1 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services. In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3). Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <100,000 212 25.4 25.4 25.4 100-300,000 406 48.6 48.6 74.0 300,000-500,000 147 17.6 17.6 91.6 >500,000 70 8.4 8.4 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels. The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 142 17.0 17.0 17.0 3-10 news 427 51.1 51.1 68.1 >10 news 266 31.9 31.9 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 175 21.0 21.0 21.0 3-10 news 436 55.0 55.0 76.0 >10 news 197 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants. 4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6). Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Have 785 94.0 94.0 94.0 Are not 50 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results. In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. (Table 4.7) div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s14 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s15 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s16 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 5.5pt; vertical-align: 3pt; } div.maincontent .s17 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 8.5pt; } div.maincontent .s18 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s19 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s20 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s21 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s22 { color: black; font-family:"Courier New", monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s23 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s24 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s25 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s26 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s27 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 1.5pt; } div.maincontent .s28 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s29 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s30 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s31 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s32 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s33 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s35 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s36 { color: #F00; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s37 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s38 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 8.5pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s39 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s40 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 4pt; } div.maincontent .s41 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s42 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s43 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7.5pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s44 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s45 { color: #F00; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s46 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s47 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s48 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s49 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s50 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; } div.maincontent .s51 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s52 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s53 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s54 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s55 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s56 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s57 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s58 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s59 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s60 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s61 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s62 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s63 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .content_head2 { color: #F00; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s64 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s67 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; } div.maincontent .s68 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s69 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s70 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; tex
• Situation of Spending on Tourism Promotion Activities
• Analysis of the Impact of the Factor "Bank's Credit Policy"
• World economic fluctuations in the period 2007 - 2008 and their impact on Vietnam's import-export business activities - 12
• The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Vietnam's Economy

marital status of household head, number of household members still attending school, area of ​​residence household life
Research "Analysis of factors affecting educational expenditure of households in the North Central and Central Coast regions" by Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh (2014).	- Research data is from the 2010 Population Census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, with 2,044 observations. - Research method: OLS regression - Expected independent variables: average expenditure, food expenditure, health expenditure, ethnicity of household head, education level of household head, age of household head, household size, gender of school-going children, place of residence of household head. household	Results: average household expenditure, food expenditure, health expenditure, ethnicity, education of household head, total number of household members, gender of school children, and place of residence of the household have an impact on household education expenditure in the North Central and Central Coast regions.
Research "Analysis of factors affecting people's spending on education in the Mekong Delta" by Khong Tien Dung and Pham Le Thong (2014),	- The research data is from the 2010 Population Census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, with 1,905 observations. - Research method: Tobit model - Expected independent variables: education level of household head, age of household head, gender of household head, number of males attending school, number of females attending school, total family income, education plus, education subsidies.	The results showed that educational level, age of household head, total household income, extra-curricular status, number of male and female students in the household were factors affecting educational expenditure of households in the Mekong Delta.
Research “Evaluation of	- Research data is of	Research results for

Factors affecting urban education spending

- Rural Vietnam" by Nguyen Minh Thuan (2014).

Population Census 2010 and 2012 of Vietnam General Statistics Office, with 5,679 (2010) and 5,609 (2012) observation. - Research method: OLS regression - Expected independent variables: average total expenditure, gender, age, education level, marital status, ethnicity of household head, household size, number of household members attending school, area of ​​residence of household	The results showed that average total expenditure, age of household head, education level, marital status, ethnicity of household head, household size, number of household members attending school, and household residence area have an impact on educational expenditure of Vietnamese households.
Research "Assessing the impact of household characteristics on household education expenditure in coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta" Le Thanh Tong (2015)	- The research data is from the 2012 Population Census of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, with 533 observations. - Research method: OLS regression - Expected independent variables: expenditure, food expenditure, household size, highest education, gender and ethnicity of household head, marital status of household head, number of members still in school and children under 6 years old, gender of children, area household living area	The results also show that expenditure factors have the clearest impact on household spending on education. Factors such as education level, ethnicity of the household head, number of members under 6 years old, and area of ​​residence also affect the level of household spending on education in the Mekong Delta.
Research "Analysis of factors affecting costs" household education expenditure	- Research data is from the 2014 Population Census. of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, with	Research results show that the number of children in the age group School age is a factor