In the present stage, the environment is always an essential factor. The need for tourism and relaxation in places with many natural landscapes has stimulated the need to protect the environment.
Green tourism - ecotourism is considered a perspective for long-term tourism development in the future. Introducing ecotourism aims to educate awareness and raise the responsibility of each tourist and local people in protecting the environment. At the same time, through tourism activities, a small part of the benefits gained from tourism must be taken back to serve environmental restoration.
However, promoting tourism activities increases the possibility of environmental pollution. Therefore, there must be a plan and a reasonable exploitation method so as not to affect the environment and the ability to use it for future generations (Sustainable Tourism).
1.4.3.4. The relationship between tourism and economy
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The role of economy in tourism development.
The economy has a direct impact on tourism activities in many ways. When the economy develops, people have a stable life, the standard of living is improved and increased, free time increases; high income along with it is the awareness of people is raised. This is an important condition in deciding to travel.
Almost all economic sectors are involved in promoting tourism development:
Agriculture is involved in providing products such as food and beverages to restaurants and hotels to serve tourists.
Industry plays an indirect role in tourism such as manufacturing products for transportation, hotel industry, etc.
The construction industry serves the construction of bridges, roads, etc. In particular, the development of the telecommunications industry is one of the important factors for tourism development. It provides necessary information for tourists or promotes the image of destinations to countries around the world.
The transportation industry plays an important role in promoting tourism demand. When transportation was not developed, tourism development was very limited because most of the attractive tourist attractions were located far from people's residence. Currently, the development of transportation has shortened the transportation time, reducing fatigue for tourists.
The effects of tourism on the economy.
Tourism has a major impact on local economies through visitor spending.
Tourism consumption needs are special consumption needs such as: the need to improve knowledge, learn, sightsee, relax, rest, etc. Tourism aims to satisfy the needs of consuming specific material goods, tangible goods and intangible goods. When traveling, tourists need to eat, rest and be provided with means of transportation and accommodation... In addition, the need to expand knowledge, the process of providing products and the attitude of service staff are of great interest to tourists.
Tourism is usually very seasonal, and tourism activities are related to outdoor activities, which means they depend a lot on the weather.
An important and distinctive feature between tourism consumption and the consumption of other goods is that the consumption of tourism products occurs at the same time and place as their production. This is the reason why tourism products are exclusive.
Thus, the economic impact of tourism is expressed through the interaction of the consumption and supply of tourism products. This process affects the distribution and circulation sectors and affects different sectors of the social reproduction process.
When an area becomes a tourist destination, visitors flock to it, increasing the demand for goods. This strongly stimulates related economic sectors.
Compared to the Foreign Trade sector, tourism has a distinct advantage over all. Tourism is an on-site export industry, earning large amounts of foreign currency while saving on packaging and storage costs.
Tourism has a positive effect on changing the economic face of the region. Many countries in the world consider tourism an effective solution for economic development.
However, in terms of economy, tourism also has negative impacts. Local inflation or high commodity prices often exceed the spending capacity of local people, especially those whose income is not related to tourism. Tourism should not use the value of resources as a means of business for economic benefits.
1.4.3.5. The relationship between tourism, peace and politics
Any political or social disturbance, big or small, directly affects tourism activities. Stability and safety are factors of great significance to tourists and tourism service providers.
The peaceful and stable political environment creates favorable conditions for tourism development. In particular, Vietnam is recognized by countries around the world as a country with a peaceful and stable political environment. Therefore, in recent years, the number of international visitors to Vietnam has increased.
A typical example is Thailand – a country with very good conditions for tourism development. But in recent years, Thailand has experienced consecutive coups and armed conflicts. Therefore, the number of tourists coming to this country has decreased significantly compared to the previous period.
On the other hand, tourism is considered a bridge of peace between countries, the initial basis for countries to establish long-term cooperation and business relations in all fields. However, tourism is also a convenient path for reactionary forces to take advantage of, propagate and sabotage the government, causing disunity among the people.
1.4.4. Current tourism development trends
Nowadays, tourism has become an indispensable spiritual food in people's daily life. The current tourism development trend often focuses on the following aspects:
1.4.4.1. Rapid increase in quantity
Due to the following reasons:
- Due to the pressure of work, people want to rest after hard working days. Moreover, the progress of science and technology makes people have more free time, giving rise to the need to travel.
- As people's living conditions improve, their living standards increase, and they are able to pay for the expenses incurred when traveling.
- People's awareness is raised, traveling is to express oneself, to broaden knowledge and to expand relationships with people around.
1.4.4.2. Socialization of tourist components
In the first half of the 20th century, tourism became one of the world's business sectors and a leisure activity for the upper class. The initial target customers were only merchants and businessmen with economic conditions who traveled on the one hand to find markets and on the other hand to enjoy the scenery.
beautiful. However, the tourist population has changed since World War II. Tourism is no longer reserved for the upper class in society, but the trend of mass tourism has become popular. Tourism has become an indispensable need in daily life. Tourists today come from all walks of life, all classes, and all ages in society. They travel to relax, entertain, learn, etc. and especially to “affirm themselves”.
1.4.4.3. Expanding the area
Tourism activities today take place everywhere that has potential and appeal to tourists, from the sea to the mountains, from the countryside to the city. In the past, tourism from North to South always attracted the most tourists, but now tourism tends to develop from East to West. In particular, the 21st century is considered the century of the Asia-Pacific countries. The number of people coming here to find business opportunities, sign contracts, study investment conditions, etc. Others come here because of the landscape or because of the unique and somewhat mysterious Eastern culture that attracts them. When daily life with work is quite stressful, people often want to rest, return to nature, immerse themselves in nature or go to areas with different cultures, with many attractive and novel features. Therefore, tourist areas are increasingly expanding to meet the increasing needs of tourists.
1.4.4.4. Extending the tourist season
Tourism is very seasonal, tourism depends a lot on natural factors. Nowadays, to overcome the seasonality, people have expanded the types of tourism and services. In addition, with the development of economy, culture and science, people continuously organize events to extend the season for tourist destinations. For example, the characteristics of beach tourism in Vietnam, due to the influence of weather factors, this type of tourism is only suitable for tourism development from April to September, which makes it difficult to develop tourism in localities with conditions to develop beach tourism. To limit this seasonality, there are advertising policies, organizing special events to attract visitors outside the tourist season.
In summary: Above are theoretical issues about tourism, current tourism development trends and tourism resources. By presenting concepts and theories of scholars to help me clearly identify my research topic. From there, it helps me have a more general view of the issues that I will present and solve in the following sections. Such as a more comprehensive assessment of resources within the scope of the research topic as well as current tourism development trends to apply in the exploitation and development of tourism resources in Hai An district.
CHAPTER 2
TOURISM POTENTIAL AND CURRENT STATUS OF TOURISM RESOURCES EXPLOITATION IN HAI AN DISTRICT - HAI PHONG
2.1. Overview of Hai Phong city
2.1.1. History, geography and landscape
In the early years of the Common Era, Hai Phong was a small village located on the banks of the Cam River. Mrs. Le Chan - a female general of the Trung Sisters - built a farm here called An Bien as a base to fight the enemy. During the Ly, Tran, and Le dynasties, Hai Phong belonged to Hai Duong. In the 18th century, when international trade developed, foreign merchant ships to Vietnam often passed through Hai Phong. In 1817, a wharf was established here called Ninh Hai wharf.
The name Hai Phong has many different explanations: some say that the name Hai Phong is an abbreviation of the phrase “Hai Tan Phong Thuong” (defense of the sea), a title of female general Le Chan. There is also another explanation: “Hai Phong” is an abbreviation of an agency under Tu Duc’s reign in Hai Duong “Hai Duong Thuong Chinh Quan Phong…”. But perhaps the explanation of the name “Hai Phong” comes from the name of a military post on the bank of the Cam River at Ninh Hai wharf. Because at first the French were only allowed to station troops at the Hai Phong post, then they called it by habit. From there the name Hai Phong appeared.
Hai Phong is one of the five largest cities in Vietnam, established in the 1970s. In the North, Hai Phong is the youngest city compared to many cities with long-standing history such as Hanoi, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Ha Tay, etc.
The first foundation for Hai Phong to develop into an urban area was not a feudal citadel like Hanoi, nor a large town like Hoi An. It originated from a small fishing village near the river mouth, where there was a boat dock, a customs station and a seaport with two functions: economic and defense. After its birth, due to its favorable geographical location and special historical context, Hai Phong quickly became a city - seaport of great importance in terms of economy - politics - military within the country and with a name in the world.
Hai Phong city was officially established in 1888 and together with Hanoi, Saigon, Hai Phong developed into the 3 largest cities in Vietnam. Hai Phong is located on the East Pacific coast and consists of 7 districts and 8 counties. Hai Phong city - the administrative, political, economic and cultural center includes the districts: Hong Bang, Le Chan, Ngo Quyen, Kien An, Hai An, Duong Kinh, Do Son. The suburbs include the districts: An Lao, Tien Lang, Vinh Bao, An Duong, Thuy Nguyen, Kien Thuy, Cat Hai and Bach Long Vi island district.
Hai Phong is a coastal city located in the downstream of the Thai Binh River system in the Red River Delta. Hai Phong has a natural land area of 1053.1 km2 - accounting for 0.45% of the country's natural land area.
Hai Phong is located in the geographical coordinate system: 20 0 30'39” – 21 0 01'15” North latitude and 106 0 23'39” – 107 0 08'39” East longitude.
On the mainland, Hai Phong is 102 km from the capital Hanoi and borders 3 provinces: Quang Ninh province to the north, Hai Duong province to the west and Thai Binh province to the south. To the east, Hai Phong has 125 km of coastline, winding terrain, creating many islands, caves and beautiful beaches adjacent to Ha Long Bay - a natural heritage of the world, very favorable for tourism development.
Hai Phong, with its favorable location, is the gateway to Northern Vietnam, one of the three peaks of the key economic triangle: Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh. With a network of roads, railways, seaports and airlines, Hai Phong has created many favorable conditions for economic development.
Hai Phong seaport has been established for over 100 years, is a hub for import and export of goods, and has absorbed the world's scientific and technological achievements. Currently, Hai Phong seaport is one of the largest seaports in Vietnam, stretching over 12km, including bulk cargo ports, container ports, and heavy cargo ports that handle more than 6.5 million tons per year and is expected to handle 10/12 million tons by 2010. The seaport system, along with the renovated Cat Bi airport system... Hai Phong has favorable conditions to transport import and export goods to the provinces of the Northern region, the provinces of Southern China, and at the same time establish relations by sea and air with countries in the region and the world.
Regarding climate : Hai Phong is affected by tropical monsoon climate. In which, from November of the previous year to April of the following year is the climate of a cold and dry winter. From May to October is the climate of summer, cool and humid with lots of rain. Average rainfall is from 1,600 to 1,800 mm/year.
The average annual temperature is from 23-26 0 C, the hottest month the temperature is up to 44 0 C and the coldest month the temperature can drop below 5 0 C. Due to being close to the sea, the average humidity is about 80-85%, highest in July, August, September; lowest in January, February.
Terrain and soil: Hai Phong's terrain is very diverse, reflecting a long and complex historical geological structure. The North has the shape and geological structure of a midland region with plains interspersed with hills. The South has low and fairly flat terrain, typical of a pure plain sloping towards the sea.
Mountains and hills account for 15% of the area, distributed in more than half of the northern part of the city, forming two continuous strips running in the Northeast - Southwest direction. The first strip runs from An Lao to Do Son and the second strip runs from Ky Son - Trang Kenh to An Son - Nui Deo. The geological structure of Hai Phong includes sandstone, shale, and limestone.
Currently, Hai Phong has 62,127 hectares of cultivated land, formed mostly from the Thai Binh River system and coastal alluvial land, so it is mainly acidic soil, saline soil, with alternating high and low terrain and many low-lying fields. Agricultural land per capita is 360m2 / person, excluding large coastal alluvial land with 23,000 hectares of tidal and submerged rocky land, of which 13,000 hectares of abandoned land are currently available.
In addition, Hai Phong's forest resources are rich and diverse, with mangrove forests, timber forests, fruit trees, bamboo, rattan, etc., especially the Cat Ba primeval forest with diverse and rich vegetation, including many rare herbs. The forest area is about 17,300 hectares, of which about 580 hectares are primeval forests like a miniature Amazon rainforest, including many rare and precious timber trees classified as plants in need of protection and many medicinal plants of interest to domestic and foreign medical professionals; there are many types of birds such as nightingales, geese, parrots, partridges, eagles, seagulls, swallows, etc. Rare animals on the island include red-faced monkeys, yellow-faced monkeys, geese, etc.
Deer, deer, otters, red-tailed squirrels, red-bellied squirrels, wild cats, porcupines..., especially the white-headed langur that lives in herds, a rare animal in the world that can only be found in Cat Ba.
Regarding the river system: Hai Phong has a dense river network with a density of 0.65-0.8 km/km2 and all flow from the Thai Binh River to the Gulf of Tonkin with 5 main river mouths. Therefore, Hai Phong has both "river character" due to the influence of the mainland water regime and "sea character" due to the profound influence of tides. Inland, there are 16 main rivers spreading throughout the area with a length of more than 300km, including the Thai Binh River, Van Uc River, Lach Tray River, Cam River, Da Bac River (a branch of the Bach Dang River). In addition to the main rivers, there are large and small tributaries that divide the city's terrain: Gia River, Da Do River, etc.
Regarding the coast, sea, and islands: these are unique natural features of Hai Phong, factors that regularly impact many phenomena occurring in nature and have important influences on many social activities.
Hai Phong Sea is a part of the Northwest of the Gulf of Tonkin with a coastline of more than 125km (including the coastline around the offshore islands), with a terrain that is a concave curve of the Gulf of Tonkin, low and flat. Do Son Cape juts out into the sea like a peninsula, giving Do Son an important strategic position and famous natural landscape. Offshore there are also Cat Ba and Bach Long Vi in Hai Phong, of which Cat Ba is one of the three largest islands in Vietnam with many caves, beaches and Cat Ba primeval forest - one of the world's biosphere reserves where rare animals are preserved. It can be said that the coast, sea and islands have created extremely unique natural scenery, creating potential and strength for Hai Phong tourism.
Regarding minerals: Due to the geological history of Hai Phong, there are few traces of igneous activity, so there are few large mineral mines. However, according to survey results, Hai Phong has an iron mine in Duong Quan (Thuy Nguyen), and a zinc mine in Cat Ba with small reserves.
Metal minerals include Duong Chinh iron mine (Thuy Nguyen), coastal mineral sand (Cat Hai and Tien Lang).