The Party and State's Policy on Policy Innovation for Intellectuals Is Gradually Concretized and Legalized

The Union of Science and Technology Associations and its member associations have sent hundreds of staff to study, research, conduct surveys, and participate in scientific activities in many countries around the world, mainly in Asia-Pacific countries.

In 1999, with the support of the Government, the Government Organizing Committee, and the Union of Science and Technology Associations, 10 training courses were organized to improve professional skills, information technology, foreign languages, and project appraisal for association staff.

Short-term training was conducted by many provincial and municipal Unions of Science and Technology Associations and their member associations. In 1996, 7 Unions of Associations and their member associations organized more than 100 professional training courses in various specialized fields with 3,855 participants [181].

The General Association of Medicine and Pharmacy is an organization that does a good job of promoting undergraduate and postgraduate training. In 5 years (1996-2000), in addition to 105 classes with 5,215 students in foreign languages, information technology, accounting, tourism,... the General Association of Medicine and Pharmacy opened 84 postgraduate classes with 34 specialties [182].

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• Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gs zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter. EF PHBs can be implemented if the output port's bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the router's service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port. This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation. PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values. Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values ​​agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ. Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets. 2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels. Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values ​​for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance. PHB Class PHB Subclass Package type DSCP AF4 AF41 Short 100010 AF42 Medium 100100 AF43 High 100110 AF3 AF31 Short 011010 AF32 Medium 011100 AF33 High 011110 AF2 AF21 Short 010010 AF22 Medium 010100 AF23 High 010110 AF1 AF11 Short 001010 AF12 Medium 001100 AF13 High 001110 Table 2.8 AF DSCPs The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped. When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels. In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards. 2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions: Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped. Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a router's per-hop behavior is based only on the packet's marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability. Chapter Conclusion Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of ​​solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model. DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy. Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc. In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being "frozen", or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality. Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion. 3.1. DropTail method DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped. Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages: − Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially. − Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended, Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed. − Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the router's buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective. − No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy. The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers. In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management. 3.2. Random elimination method – RED 3.2.1 Overview RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet. The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router. Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways: − Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes. − Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet). Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols. To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following: − The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to. − The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network. − An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connection's shared bandwidth at the gateway. − Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows). 3.2.2 Algorithm This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5] For each packet arrival Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:Wingdings; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-d
• Policy on mobilizing financial resources for technological innovation for small and medium enterprises (case study of Hai Duong province) - 11
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In addition to the main method of training and nurturing at school, a part of intellectuals have matured through self-study, through participating in creative activities, complex tasks, requiring high creativity. In our country, the mechanism of self-study, self-research and creativity has not been implemented, then go to training institutions to register for defense to receive a doctorate. But in reality, many people, although not having high degrees, through the process of self-study, self-training and participating in tasks to solve complex problems with scientific creativity, have made certain contributions to society; many artisans have made many contributions in preserving and disseminating folk cultural values; folk artists have valuable works, recognized by the public.

Activities to help and encourage talent are promoted.

To create conditions for students in difficult circumstances to continue studying, the Government has a student credit program. This is an important policy contributing to the goal of training human resources, nurturing talents, and investing in developing the country's human resources. In 1995, the Training Credit Fund of the Industrial and Commercial Bank was established and officially operated in 1998. By the end of 1999, there were over 12,000 students borrowing capital. By the end of 2001, the number of students borrowing capital was 32,591, and in 2003, it increased to 46,546 students. By the end of 2004, there were 59,456 students borrowing preferential loans to study, an increase of 4.6 times compared to 1999. The number of students borrowing capital increased by an average of over 20% per year.

Along with preferential loans from the State through the Training Credit Fund of the Industrial and Commercial Bank and then transferred to the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies, the mobilization of resources for the work of promoting learning and talent, creating conditions for poor students to continue studying has been implemented by many organizations and individuals. Many intellectual associations have provided scholarships for poor students, awarded prizes to students who won prizes in international competitions. With funds mobilized domestically and internationally, every year the Union of Science and Technology Associations has granted nearly 100 scholarships to poor students who have overcome difficulties and excelled in their studies at many universities in the country, including many children of ethnic minorities. The Union of Science and Technology Associations has granted many scholarships and prizes to students, helping poor students overcome difficulties and encouraging young people to explore and innovate.

The Vietnam Mechanics Association, in coordination with the Ministry of Education and Training and the Central Youth Union, successfully organized the annual National Mechanics Olympiad. The Construction Science and Technology Association, in coordination with the Architecture Association, awarded prizes to students with excellent academic results,...

Through the Fund for Supporting Technical Innovation - VIFOTEC, the Union of Science and Technology Associations has organized the selection and awarding of prizes to students with excellent results in scientific and technological experiments and research.

Along with training and improving professional qualifications, the Party regularly pays attention to propaganda work, enlightening the ideals and political stance of the working class, arousing patriotism and national pride in the working class.

In addition to the successes achieved, the work of training and fostering intellectuals still has certain weaknesses and limitations. It has not gathered the intelligence of the intellectual community in building a truly ideological and methodological argument that is on par with the times to orient development, determine content and propose a roadmap in the work of training intellectual resources, meeting the increasingly high demand for human resources in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country.

Training is still unbalanced between specialized fields. Although Vietnam is an agricultural country, the labor force in the agricultural sector accounts for 2/3 of the national labor force, but students in the agriculture-forestry-fishery sector (in 2004) only accounted for 3% of the total number of students.

Although there has been strong development, the ratio of students per 10,000 population in 1997 was 88, in 2000 it was 110 and by 2004 it reached 120. However, university training has not yet met the scale, the ratio of students to population in our country compared to the ratio of other countries is still too low (Japan 700, Korea 520,...).

Training is both weak and wasteful, so it lags behind the world's development level and has not had fundamental changes; ineffective and impractical activities are still quite common.

3.2.2. The Party and State's policy on policy innovation for intellectuals is gradually concretized and legalized.

Implementing the policy of rewarding and honoring intellectuals who have made many contributions to the country, in order to encourage initiatives and inventions, and further motivate the creative work of intellectuals, the State has proposed policies to reward those who have made important contributions, scientists with outstanding research works, and encourage

Science and technology cadres working in disadvantaged and rural areas; encouraging scientists to stay close to production facilities, guiding people to grasp and master new knowledge of science and technology. The Party and State focus on investing in technical facilities, improving working conditions, information access mechanisms, and caring for the material and spiritual interests of intellectuals.

The Law on Science and Technology has legalized the Party's policies on developing domestic science and technology and absorbing new technology from the world, in which the policy of prioritizing investment in human resources for science and technology is a scope of regulation. On June 22, 2000, the Law on Science and Technology was promulgated by the President and took effect from January 1, 2001. For the first time, the issue of human resources for science and technology was recorded in a separate law (Article 34 and Article 35) in a document with high legal effect. Article 35 stipulates:

The State values ​​talents, creates all favorable conditions for them to be creative and contribute; has policies and measures to attract talents to carry out priority and key scientific and technological tasks of the State;... has a remuneration regime commensurate with contributions and has special preferential regimes for individuals with particularly outstanding scientific and technological works and great contributions to the country. The State has appropriate policies on salary, working conditions, and accommodation for individuals working in science and technology [190].

Paying practical attention to material matters, having appropriate policies and regimes for intellectuals and talents; organizing awards to honor talents who have made great contributions to the development of the country, the Government issued Decree No. 71/2000/ND-CP dated November 23, 2000, regulating the extension of working time of cadres and civil servants to retirement age. According to this regulation, the working time of talented scientists can be extended from 1 to no more than 5 years compared to the retirement age of state cadres and civil servants.

One of the main solutions to build a modern science and technology system is to reform the salary policy, ensuring a satisfactory salary for scientific research and development staff. There is a system of rewards, allowances and subsidies for valuable scientific and technological works; many forms of recognition and honoring the social status of leading scientists and technology experts are applied.

The State creates working conditions and preferential treatment for intellectuals, focusing on specific subjects: Preferential treatment for teachers in universities and colleges, salary allowances for teachers. Lecturers of Marxist-Leninist subjects in universities receive a 20% reduction in standard hours according to their titles, lecturers receive a 45% salary allowance,...

Reforming salary policies and management mechanisms has a positive effect on improving and enhancing the lives of intellectuals. According to survey data, the average income of intellectuals in the school sector is 5 times higher than that of institutes. In organizations that are fully or partially self-funded, income is higher than in organizations that are fully funded by the State.

Decision No. 33/2001/QD-TTg dated March 13, 2001 of the Prime Minister on the use of cars for work for scientists who are professors awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize by the State, conferred the title of Labor Hero; Hero of the People's Armed Forces, retired professors who are still chairmen of state-level and ministerial-level scientific projects.

The 2003 Law on Emulation and Commendation stipulates the State Honorary Titles, Ho Chi Minh Prizes, and State Prizes to be awarded to scientists and stipulates the bonus levels for individuals and collectives achieving the titles.

However, the bonus level according to regulations is still small compared to what scientific works bring.

To promote creativity, the State allows science and technology organizations to implement economic contracts, creating conditions for science and technology intellectuals to apply research results to production and improve living standards. Contracting parties have the right to agree on remuneration for contract performance (in addition to research and development costs, depreciation and other costs). The contract recipient is allowed to use part of the remuneration for material incentives for those who have completed the contract. For contracts based on orders, the recipient does not have to pay the remuneration to the state budget.

Allowing science and technology organizations to carry out economic contracts in research to contribute to the highest use of the potential of scientific staff. Science and technology staff in state agencies can be invited to work concurrently in other agencies in the form of: holding a leadership position or performing professional tasks in training, research, science and technology management and production and business establishments; concurrently in post-graduate training. The concurrent regime has created conditions for science and technology staff to promote their professional capacity.

With the new management method, science and technology workers are flexibly transferred thanks to recruitment in the form of employment contracts; the quality of recruited science and technology workers can be improved through examinations or selection, and priority in recruitment is given to subjects such as those with doctoral degrees, master's degrees and excellent graduates in the right major, suitable for recruitment needs.

The above documents demonstrate the spirit of innovation and the deep awareness of the Party and State on the importance of gathering and maximizing the intelligence of young people for the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The innovation of the science and technology management mechanism, major policies on human resources of science and technology, have gradually liberated the potential, promoted the initiative and creativity of young people. Those policies have created a legal basis and favorable conditions, as well as preferential regimes in joint ventures and cooperation between scientific and technological research institutions, universities.

The project is aimed at providing a platform for the development of scientific research, education and training, and production activities between universities, colleges, and individual scientists, with production and business establishments in scientific and technological activities; at the same time, it is also the basis for ensuring the connection between scientific research, education and training, and production activities. Allowing research, training, and production and business establishments to proactively establish and expand all forms of joint ventures and associations to effectively apply scientific and technological achievements to production and life.

Implementing the policy of innovating the management mechanism towards promoting proactiveness and self-responsibility, science and technology units and organizations have initially operated more flexibly and effectively. Agencies have focused on innovating the management mechanism, from planning, distributing and allocating funds, organizing and managing research work, magazine activities, publishing, information, to staff training, international cooperation, and building facilities. Many units have promoted the right to proactively use the assigned staff in accordance with their functions and tasks; organized labor recruitment under the contract regime; some units have implemented a mechanism of paying employees according to the quality and efficiency of work, without limiting the maximum salary for employees. Thanks to that, the operational efficiency of the DNTT has improved significantly.

The operating regulations are of interest to scientific and technological research units and are gradually being perfected. The regulations on coordination between government leaders and trade unions at all levels are being developed and implemented. The management mechanism for scientific activities and scientific services of the Scientific Council is being developed and implemented by many agencies and units, including the issue of democracy and openness in planning and finance.

The policy of creating a science and technology market, the policy of recruiting and using science and technology intellectuals has been initially improved. The university quickly adapted to the new management mechanism, focusing on studying and improving qualifications in all aspects.

Decision 416/TCCP-VP dated May 29, 1993 of the Government's Organization and Security Committee on promulgating standards for civil servant ranks in the science and technology research sector, Decision

Decree No. 419/TTg dated July 21, 1996 of the Prime Minister on the management mechanism of science and technology activities; Decree 35/HDBT on innovation in science and technology management. Under the new mechanism, research and development agencies and science and technology officers will enjoy appropriate benefits from research contracts, development or successful application of scientific achievements and technical advances in production and life.

To specify the "Program to coordinate, gather and maximize the intellectual potential of the scientific and technological team of all economic sectors", on September 19, 1997, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment issued Decision No. 1300/QD/KH recognizing the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations as the focal point for the science and technology plan in the general system managed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.

In order to create conditions for intellectual associations in the industrial sector to promote their activities, contributing to the industrialization and modernization of the country, on November 15, 1997, the Union of Science and Technology Associations and the Ministry of Industry signed an agreement on cooperation between the Union of Science and Technology Associations and the Ministry of Industry. The two agencies agreed to encourage the development of science and technology, activities according to their functions, aiming to practically serve the tasks of developing production and economic-technical sectors, supporting science and technology associations to create operating funds and use technical facilities in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City for association activities.

Prioritizing the development and application of science and technology, the Government issued Decree No. 119/1999/ND-CP dated September 18, 1999 on a number of policies and financial mechanisms to encourage enterprises to invest in science and technology activities, including tax incentives for enterprises applying science and technology to production.

Decree No. 10/2002/ND-CP dated October 16, 2002 on financial regime applicable to revenue-generating public service units clearly states: Scientific and technological organizations have the right to recruit laborers under contract regimes suitable to the volume of work and financial capacity of the unit; Scientific and technological organizations have the right to decide on salary payment plan for each laborer depending on the quality and efficiency of work, without limiting the minimum salary.