psychology, specialized activities of psychological counseling, articles related to life skills and psychological counseling for the community. Recently, this website has also started to deploy psychological counseling activities via email. The psychological counseling center of the University of Labor and Social Affairs also deploys online counseling services every Friday afternoon on the school's website ( http://www.ulsa.edu.vn ).
Some other websites have implemented online consulting activities since the late 90s of the 20th century such as http://www.vnexpress.net with the Confessions section, the Health Investment Consulting Company implemented the first free Online Consulting project on the Confessions of Young People page ( http://www.tamsubantre.org ) with the Counseling by Mail and Online Counseling sections, the Youth House - A model of reproductive health care by the Youth Union implemented activities on the Teen Gender website ( http://www.gioitinhtuoiteen.org.vn ) with the Q&A section, the Hand in Hand Group implemented activities on the Tuoi O Mai website ( http://www.tuoiomai.net ) with the Counseling by Mail section or the Tuoi Hoa Consulting website ( http://www.tuvantuoihoa.org.vn ) with the Counseling by Email section. However, the consulting activities of these websites mainly stop at giving advice and providing information, the number of consulting cases as well as the time to implement consulting activities are not many, there are few consulting activities in the direction of psychological consulting, not typical of online psychological consulting services.
Looking back at the still very modest development history of psychological counseling in Vietnam, we see that there is still a lot of work to be done for professionals and related departments to make psychological counseling in our country truly a science, a professional profession that contributes positively to the development of people and society. Currently, lecturers and those who are working hard in the field of psychological counseling are also campaigning to make psychological counseling an independent profession with a code and specialized training.
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Recently, a group of psychological consultants in Vietnam have been working together to build a Network of Psychological Support Professionals to promote the professionalism of psychological consulting in Vietnam, protect those in the profession, and develop this job into a professional profession in Vietnam.
Research in the world and Vietnam in evaluating the effectiveness of psychological counseling
Although the responsibility for action rests with the counseling practitioner, the counselor demonstrates a concern based on knowledge of the outcomes of individual counseling cases or organizational issues that have been discussed in counseling. Caplan also advises the counselor to attempt to evaluate counseling services as a means of increasing professional effectiveness and discusses a variety of evaluation methods. However, he notes the difficulties in evaluating counseling, a complex indirect service where effectiveness depends on successful linkages between the counselor's interventions, changes in the counseling practitioner's perceptions and attitudes, changes in the counseling practitioner's behavior, changes in the client, and changes in the organization or the counseling practitioner's interactions with future clients. [24]
In psychological counseling centers, the evaluation of the effectiveness of counseling is still very open. The centers mainly conduct knowledge tests and practice a counseling case at the beginning. During the practice process later, the process of re-evaluating the effectiveness of implementation is non-existent or very little.
In particular, related to my research topic, I must mention a part of the research work of Master of Psychology Nguyen Dinh Lam. In the topic
“Attitude of consultants on violations in psychological counseling activities ”, author Dinh Lam studied people’s evaluations of psychological counseling services on radio and newspapers. The aspects that people evaluate with this activity are: the role of psychological consultants in society, the level of satisfaction of people with current counseling services via radio. People are also considered as the subjects or customers of counseling services via radio and newspapers, so it can be considered that this study has also gone to study customers’ evaluations of this psychological counseling activity. In my research topic, I also studied customers’ evaluations of psychological counseling activities, but here it is the type of psychological counseling via the internet.
At the Institute of Psychology, the Center for Experimental Psychology offers psychological counseling and therapy. In this activity, after each psychological counseling or therapy session, the counselor will find out the client’s satisfaction with the service through a customer satisfaction questionnaire.
With the current Youth Confidences program, the evaluation activity has been implemented quite well compared to the situation in Vietnam. In addition to the entrance exams, the consultants also have to undergo 3 months of practice with virtual clients and undergo a re-evaluation process. The people who evaluate the consulting effectiveness here are mainly the Project Management Board and some consultants who have practiced for many years and are assessed by the Management Board as having good consulting ability. Recently, the program has also invited experts to support the monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of consulting activities.
The Youth Confidences Program also regularly reviews consultation cases and letters of consultation sent to re-evaluate the effectiveness of consultation activities as well as find appropriate solutions. The effectiveness of consultation activities here is evaluated based on the following criteria:
- Reduce negative emotions for customers
- Help customers find solutions to problems: let customers decide for themselves and unleash their potential, encourage customers
- Do not harm customers
This is the first time the Youth Confessions program has systematically conducted customer evaluation research on consulting activities. After 4 years of operation, Youth Confessions has received feedback from customers, but it is still fragmented and mainly focuses on technical factors and service convenience. This is an opportunity for Youth Confessions to review the quality of consulting activities and propose strategies to improve the effectiveness of consulting activities in the future.
Research documents on the evaluation of consulting performance are still very few and fragmented. We hope to continue to search and supplement information for this field of science.
1.2. Concept system related to the topic
1.2.1. Evaluation
One of the important stages of psychological counseling is evaluation. For all activities, there is a need for indicators to compare expected results with actual results. In social sciences, the formal mechanism for knowing the results of activities is called evaluation.
Stufflebeam (1974), considers “Evaluation is a process of designing, collecting and using data to support decision making”.
According to Weiss (1988), the concept of "Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the operation and/or outcome of a program or policy, compared with a set of
specific standards as a tool to contribute to improving program quality or accuracy”
Veney and Kaluzny (1999) stated that “Evaluation is the collection and analysis of information using a variety of methods to determine the relevance, progress, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of program activities.”
We view evaluation as the process of collecting and analyzing information using a variety of methods to consider the achievement of objectives, the appropriateness of the activity, and the sustainability of the activity thereafter.
Customer evaluation is the collection of information about customer opinions related to consulting activities to determine the level of impact of consulting activities on customers and consider the suitability of the service for customers.
There are time-consuming and expensive assessments, but small assessments can also be conducted to serve the process of improving the quality of the activity. [1]
We agree with the view that evaluation involves the collection of data from counseling activities that allow counselors to know the progress that the counseling practitioner or the counseling practitioner's client will make or that help counselors predict the effectiveness of counseling interventions. Evaluation questions relate to the needs of these two criteria and a system of procedures must be followed in collecting data to answer these types of questions. Decisions are then made about the continuation or changes in the counseling interaction. This data also influences the counseling strategies that will be applied in future counseling activities provided that the counseling practitioner and the problem to be solved are similar to the counseling activity. Finally, evaluation for
allow consultants to document the effectiveness of the consulting services they have provided and provide information on the use of similar service approaches [24]
Evaluation should focus on changes in client cognitions and behaviors. Changes in self-efficacy, appraisals, outcome expectations, and self-enhancement in both clients and counselors should be considered as variables to study when evaluating the plan. [24]
Evaluation is often referred to as a highly specialized, time-consuming, expensive task performed by experts, such as evaluating a project. In fact, evaluation can be done even for a small activity within a project.
In psychological counseling, psychological counselors need to use an assessment strategy in each psychological counseling case as well as need to have an assessment strategy for their psychological counseling services if they practice as a psychological counselor role within an organization.
Assessment in counseling can take many different forms depending on the research purpose and research methods, and the available data sources for the project. There are many different purposes in an assessment process, but these purposes are not mutually exclusive. Although the purposes of assessment are diverse, we believe that a diverse assessment model should be designed by the counselor. Counselors should pursue these purposes based on resources, time, and setting. We can easily see that even in the best supported environment, the process of collecting information, data in psychological counseling activities, and maintaining a database can still be an extremely difficult task.
1.2.2. Attitude
In our research, we studied customers' evaluation of consultants' attitudes, so we introduced the concept of Attitude in our theoretical basis.
Researchers all agree that: An individual's attitude is a reflection of a person's relationship to reality. Referring to a person's attitude system means referring to the system of relationships that an individual has to reality. Therefore, when studying attitudes, authors all emphasize psychological factors such as emotions, perceptions, tendencies, will, and beliefs.
The concept of attitude is interdisciplinary and has many different views. Especially in Psychology, we cannot give a unified definition of attitude because each school of psychology has its own understanding. Regarding the research topic, we present here Allport's concept of Attitude and this is also a suitable viewpoint for this research topic.
Allport said: “Attitude is a state of mental and neural readiness organized through experience, using dynamic adjustment or influence in the individual's response to all objects and situations with which it has a relationship”. That definition includes the meaning: attitude is “a state of mental and neural readiness for psychological or physiological activity” . That is, it can be said that the presence of attitude prepares the individual for a certain action. [14]. In psychological counseling, if the counselor has a positive attitude towards his work and towards the client, the psychological and physiological readiness will help the helping process to be more effective.
1.2.3. Psychological counseling
Currently, researchers are still debating the use of the terms psychological counseling and consultation. This debate is inevitable because the field of psychological counseling is still quite young, and the theoretical and practical foundations are being built.
build and perfect. In fact, in previous years, the term consultation was not widely used, but people often used the term psychological counseling both in daily life and in specialized and scientific terms. However, today the term consultation has gradually been used more and more and has gained dominance in the professional community. For society in general, the term psychological counseling is still more familiar and familiar.
In the framework of my thesis, we use the term Psychological Counseling, sometimes consulting with the same conceptual connotation as the term consultation. I use this term because the activity that I am implementing research is called Consulting. And the nature of the activities that the website Tam su ban tre is implementing includes both general knowledge consulting activities and psychological consulting activities with the same connotation as the concept of consultation. The client here we use the term customer.
Currently, in the world as well as in Vietnam, there are many different concepts about the concept of Psychological Counseling. According to the definition of Associate Professor, Dr. Tran Thi Minh Duc: Psychological counseling is understood as an interactive process between a psychological counselor (a person with expertise and psychological counseling skills, with ethical qualities of the psychological counseling profession and recognized by law) and a client or customer (a person with psychological difficulties who needs help). Through intimate exchange, sharing, and confiding (based on principles and professional relationships), the client understands and accepts his or her reality, solves his or her own problems, and finds his or her own potential to solve his or her own problems.
In the Training document on psychological counseling (UNICEP, June 2000): psychological counseling is a relationship, a process in which the psychological counselor helps clients improve their lives by exploring, understanding and perceiving