Suitable waste business management model for Vietnam

II. From the recycling craft villages

1. Build organization and restructure operations

Waste itself is enough to create value for exchange. Market supply and demand also exist. Exchange and trading activities also took place, although still secretly and small. Income is low, working conditions are difficult and social status is not respected. These craft villages themselves need to be aware of their advantages and disadvantages in order to develop. Just like small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, production facilities and recycling villages need to improve their capacity, professional skills, product knowledge as well as other business skills such as marketing, sales, communications...

The operating model in craft villages is still small and fragmented, it is necessary to gradually shift from spontaneity to self-discipline, with more organized and regulated activities, with labor hygiene and safety rules as well as product standards. products, effectively using input resources, ensuring output product quality. Although there is competition between craft villages, it is not much. The creation and diversification of recycled products has not yet been paid attention. Craft villages need to proactively exchange information, share experiences and create more designs as well as improve the quality of recycled products.

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2. Standardization of recycled products

Products produced still only follow "village standards" without common standards, so consumption is still small. Even input products are just according to the "naked eye" of conventional collectors, such as this type of plastic, this type of iron will be bought, but not other types. This standard is also not associated with the official system of product hygiene quality standards, making exchange limited. Developing standards on input materials and output products that are both consistent with official standards and ensure easy and convenient exchange between craft villages and the network of collectors will make the system The system of collecting, trading and trading recyclable waste has developed strongly.

3. Ensure labor hygiene and safety standards

Workers in this field still face many difficulties, especially hygiene conditions and income. The collectors are usually women and children or people

wandering, therefore, solving this problem is not only a simple labor issue but also related to social issues such as children's rights, gender equality, homeless people, urbanization... Workers Workers often flock to big cities or near landfills to find work, thus creating a burden on urban areas and society. Ensuring working conditions for them also includes paying attention to improving income, focusing on housing and living conditions for them and their families. Focus on creating stable jobs in their locality - in recycling craft villages, towards sustainable development.

4. Increase flexibility, flexibility, and initiative in controlling input materials and finding output markets.

This is the result of improving the capacity of recycling craft villages, effectively controlling input resources, maintaining stability and quality of imported waste, avoiding importing toxic waste, and avoiding situations where waste is imported. The rush to get metals, gold, silver... in electronic products from batches of garbage imported from abroad, otherwise Vietnam will turn into the world's waste dump.

Craft villages also need to be more proactive in finding markets for their output products. To do so, recycling not only ensures a hygienic cycle during processing, but the output products also need to ensure quality, conform to common standards, diversify in design, be beautiful in presentation, and be advanced. to disseminate on many information channels to reach customers. If the quality of recycled products is suitable, export is completely possible.

In these craft villages, NGOs can also support activities such as installing recycling facilities (recycling centers...), allowing them to process and recover large amounts of valuable materials. recycling facilities (concentrating household recycling activities into a common facility) and installing public pollution management equipment in the recycling industry.

When calculating the management plan, you must consider it carefully and follow a number of principles. Waste recycling activities need to be carried out by the private sector based on market mechanisms, not legal regulations, because these recyclable materials themselves carry enough value. treated for recycling. A common problem encountered in recycling operations is the raw materials

Collected was not fully used to meet the current needs. This is one of the economic reasons for reducing resource reuse and recovery. In this case, the public sector needs to be involved in recycling activities to increase demand, often using legislation and guidance and direction for both the private and public sectors.

It is necessary to introduce a normative, legal perspective, a bridging approach between the private and public sectors to improve marketability for recyclables, strategies to guide Cost-effective projects for resource reuse and recovery, and cost recovery and demand recovery strategies for recycling, are incorporated into the action plan.

III. On the community side

1. Enhance capacity and give more management power to local communities

"The king's rule is inferior to village rules", it is necessary to effectively use community-based organizations to reach out to the people and build a management system based on their wishes. When people are fully aware and feel "the need to do so", they will comply with the principles they themselves have established. People in the "neighboring village" community can also rely on this intimate relationship to advise each other. Therefore, grassroots organizations need to be empowered more, increase capacity and awareness to bring environmental issues and waste issues, specifically waste classification at source, to people.

2. Establish groups, organizations and associations to support finance, credit and clean, environmentally friendly production activities, or related to waste business

In small communities, people can have many initiatives and technical improvements to improve labor productivity for their own small businesses or those of enterprises or villages. The problem they encounter is often lack of capital and lack of management capacity to implement their ideas. Therefore, the community needs organizational and financial support to improve production and business activities, towards cleaner, environmentally friendly production.

3. Enhance information exchange in the community

It is the exchange of information in the community that can strengthen the spirit of cohesion, sharing and raise awareness for people. The information system needs to be improved, making full use of existing technical facilities, such as loudspeaker systems, commune and ward information boards, people's meetings, voter meetings... and at the same time can use Use newer forms such as awareness-raising training sessions, communication strategies, direct propaganda sessions... to ensure equality in access to information among individuals in the community. Community activities that attract the participation of a large number of residents also need to be carried out regularly and periodically, enhancing the "national pride" of each individual, and at the same time connecting members of the community. community when participating in solving common problems. For example: general cleaning at the end of the month, on weekends, periodically, on holidays...

4. Build a pilot eco-village model

NGOs can support the community in building a pilot model of eco-village and sustainable development orientation in a few communes and wards, then replicate it. It is possible that the community's capacity can be improved, but if there is no basic training on environmental protection and sustainable development, the development orientation may be distorted and all efforts will be wasted. river flows into the sea. In building an ecological community, we must always be steadfast with the criterion "people know, people discuss, people do, people check". Design concepts and methods also need to be unified in the community, so that all people are aware of their position, role and make the necessary efforts to build a successful model.

5. Strengthen the role of people in community-based construction organizations, increase awareness of waste classification at source

Community-based organizations need to both improve operations and increase efficiency, and should also build on an open mechanism to attract people's participation. Activities should also be diversified, attractive and conducted regularly, with information widely published so that all people can proactively arrange their time and participate, demonstrate their abilities and contribute. for the community. In particular, waste classification activities at source need to be practiced a lot, and should not stop at books but need many practical activities. Competitions can be organized between families, or integrated into International Children's programs, activities of the Women's Union, Farmers' Union... or in general community programs.

CONCLUDE

Waste is an extremely special commodity, has its own value, is marketable and can be completely traded.

Through actual research in Vietnam (specifically Hanoi), it can be seen that there are many waste management and business models that have existed and are still in existence. Through analyzing each model, I believe that the separate development of each model is more or less effective, but has not met society's expectations or not reached the goal of sustainable development. Therefore, the appropriate waste management and business model for Vietnam should be a system of cooperation and sharing based on waste classification at source between 3 sectors : public sector, private sector. , the civil society sector, stands on 5 economic perspectives : the effectiveness of the State's macro management, the free competition and profitable business activities of enterprises, the development of regenerative craft villages. mechanisms, awareness of community consumption of goods and practical support from non-governmental organizations, in which marketability and environmental and social efficiency all need to be properly evaluated.

Due to limitations in time and resources, as well as limited understanding, the thesis certainly cannot avoid errors. I look forward to receiving your contributions and sharing to make this thesis more complete.

REFERENCE LIST

Documents in Vietnamese

1. Law on Environmental Protection, No. 52/2005/QH11 passed by the National Assembly on November 29, 2005.

2. Report on the current state of Vietnam's environment 2005, Overview, chapter II, Solid waste.

3. Decree 59/2007/ND-CP dated April 9, 2007 on Solid waste management.

4. SLC - Sudokwon landfill site management corp., Capital region landfill towards Dream Park (leaflet), International exhibition of ecological products, March 2008.

5. G-project, Kobunaki Ecovillage (leaflet), February 2004.

6. Eco-Community for Asia (leaflet), G-project, International exhibition of ecological products, March 2008.

7. Dr. Danh Son, Waste Economics and Integrated Waste Management, Institute of Science and Technology Strategy and Policy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Quang Ninh, June 4-6, 2004. (training class on integrated waste management)

8. Professor, Dr. Tran Hieu Nhue, Center for Urban and Industrial Park Environmental Engineering, Situation of solid waste management in urban areas and industrial parks in Vietnam, Quang Ninh, June 2004.

9. Professor Murry Haight, School of Planning University of Waterloo, Program framework for integrated waste management, June 2004.

10. Summary of project information: Improving urban management capacity, December 2003, Vietnam Association of Cities.

11. Master Nguyen Trong Nhan, Ho Chi Minh City Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Laborer Newspaper, September 13, 2007.

English documents

1. David W. Richardson, Community – based solid waste management systems in Hanoi, Vietnam, A research paper submitted to the Falcuty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, January 10, 2003.

2. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Engineering Consulting Firms Association, Japan, Development of Recycling Network and establishment of recycling – based society : Cases of Hanoi and Jakarta study, Study report, December 2003.

3. AP Gomes, MA Matos, IC Carvalho, Separate collection of the biogegradable fraction of Management Solid Waste : an economic assessment, August 13, 2007.

4. Ostrom, 1990, Governing the Commons, The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, USA.

5. Ostrom, 1992, Crafting Institutions for Self-governing irrigation Systems, ICS Press, San Francisco.

6. Sen, 1973, Behavior and the Concept of Preference. Economic XL (159), 241-259.

7. Sen, 1982, “Rational Fools: A critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory”.

8. ANU – the Australian National University, Guideline for Minimizing Waste at the Australian National University, 2007 (leaflet).

9. UNFPA, State of world population 2007, press summary

10. Irina Kostova & Ivanka Todorova, Pentachlorophenol degradation in landfill drainage models, Sofroekt, Sofia, Bulgaria, August 12, 1999.

9. Shunji MATSUOKA and Akifumi KUCHIKI, Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, May

March 2003, Social Capacity Development for Environmental management in Asia (report by Japan's Environmental Cooperation after the 2002 Johannesburg summit).

10. Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, World Bank, Waste-Econ Project (CIDA), 2004, “Vietnam Environment Monitor 2004 - SOLID WASTE”.

11. Japan International Cooperation Agency - Institute for International Cooperation, July 2005, “Supporting Capacity Development in Solid Waste Management in Developing

Countries improving towards solid waste management capacity of Entire Society”.

12. United Nations Environment Program – UNEP, 2001, “State of Environment Vietnam 2001”.

Websites

1. 3R – HN website: www.3r-hn.vn

2. E&M Forum: eandm@yahoogroups.com

3. Environmental Forum: tinhnguyen@yahoogroups.com

4. Box Science, Technology and Environment – TTVNOL forum: http://www.ttvnol.com/forum/ttx.ttvn

5. Vietnamese dictionary: www.dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn

6. Duong Thi To and colleagues , Center for Consulting, Training & Transfer of Environmental Technology, Waste Classification at Source: http://www.nea.gov.vn/tapchi/toanvan/04- 2k7-24.htm

7. Dr. Mai Thanh Tuyet, April 21, 2005, "Solid waste in Vietnam": http://www.khoahoc.net/baivo/maithanhtruyet/chatphethairanovietnam.htm

8. http://gliving.tv/news/gaviotas-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-eco-village/

8. Book "Life of international students in Japan": http://f-network.net

9. Nozomi, August 10, 2003, "The problem of waste treatment in Japan, a valuable experience for Vietnam": http://www.vysa.jp/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file =article&sid=4 15

10.Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste

11. Hazardous waste website: http://www.chatthainguyhai.net

12. Vietnam Science Newspaper: http://www.khoahoc.com.vn