Results of List of Important and Affected Livelihood Sources

change jobs, adjust resources such as land and water surface for aquaculture , borrow capital, ... based on human resources, social capital, natural capital or resources (forests , water surface for aquaculture , marine resources, biodiversity ), ... The study focuses on analyzing disadvantaged groups (poor, Khmer ethnic group, resettled groups, illiterate) with very limited material resources, resources, and finance, so their livelihood strategy is mainly to maximize the use of labor resources and exploit coastal resources to diversify income sources. However, they can increase the risk of depletion of mangrove resources and loss of biodiversity . The author proposes a number of solutions to adapt to climate change such as developing the aquaculture industry , providing credit capital, developing mangrove forests and biodiversity [23].

Based on a qualitative and quantitative study from September 2005 to September 2008 funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, conducted by the Institute of Ethnology on the response mechanism to the livelihood security situation of ethnic minorities in the highlands. The study selected the survey areas of Pieng Pho village (Thai ethnic group), Pha Danh commune and Binh Son 1 village (Khmer ethnic group), Ta Ca commune, Ky Son district, Nghe An province. From the above study in Binh Son 1 village, it shows that the Khmer ethnic group in Binh Son 1 suffers from serious food shortages [24].

Soil erosion , increasingly harsh climate, unusual natural disasters; technical advances in agriculture have not been applied to slash-and-burn cultivation, etc. have led to food shortages. The authors propose that in the process of converting the structure of crops and livestock, it is necessary to pay attention to awareness, farming practices and local ethnic culture . The study also shows that family and clan relationships create special solidarity in the village to ensure food security. Households have many different coping measures such as working for money to buy food, exploiting forest products, borrowing, and selling assets. However, these measures are only temporary responses. In addition, reclaiming more terraced fields and allocating forests to people combined with policy measures on forest benefits are encouraged [25].

In Hue City, the Perfume River basin provides water for all activities of the city and the people living along the river. Climate change will increase the frequency and severity of floods and storms as well as lead to increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and rising sea levels, people are facing many water-related problems. However, the level of awareness of climate change is still very limited in the government and the community. Many officials of relevant government departments admit that they lack information and understanding, only a few people have heard of climate change. Most people in the study area said that they only have enough ability to protect themselves from floods, but still cannot protect themselves from storms . Women play a large and important role in preventing natural disasters, but their role is still overlooked. Proposed solutions for immediate and long-term adaptation at the community level vary across localities depending on socio-economic and natural conditions. The government has made efforts to reforest and relocate vulnerable households. Although these programs are intended to address climate change adaptation, they have contributed to increasing the resilience of people and the environment. Provincial and district officials acknowledged that there should be an action plan to help sectors and localities in the province adapt to climate change. The action plan should focus on raising awareness of climate change and building adaptation capacity for both government officials at all levels and local people . In addition, direct support should be provided to localities to implement adaptation measures and mitigate the damage caused by climate change [26].

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Results of the list of important and affected livelihood sources

3.1.1 Results of community consultation

Through 2 rounds of community consultation, in addition to households supporting the content of the consultation, the community also raised many questions and wishes for the implementation of the research/sub-project, summarized as follows:

- All local people agree to support the implementation of the research project/sub-project, wishing to ensure household livelihoods in the context of climate change.

- Assess the current status of local livelihoods, identify the most important source of livelihood. As well as assess the current climate change over the past years;

- To support adaptation and mitigation of impacts on communities and people's livelihoods, consultations of research/sub-projects must be conducted quickly and completed in stages;

- Record community feedback and make corrections for report writing;

- Communities propose and inform their adaptations in the present and future; especially, need attention on policies and support from the government when natural disasters occur. Propose talks, learning experiences as well as classes on natural disaster prevention to have solutions to ensure long-term livelihoods.

3.1.1.1 Opinions of local authorities

There were many opinions from the People's Committee of the commune and representatives of the people in the project area surrounding the research/sub-project . In general, the opinions from the local side can be summarized as follows:

- Most local people and the People's Committee of the commune in the project area enthusiastically support the implementation of the research project/sub-project. The consulting group disseminates information and strategies related to the research project/sub-project, and at the same time presents the benefits that the research project/sub-project brings. When the research is completed, the local community will understand climate change, but the support solutions ensure livelihoods.

- The locality will create favorable conditions and provide maximum support for research projects/sub-projects, especially in terms of focusing on ethnic minority communities and providing supporting information.

- Agree with the measures to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change stated in the report;

- The group commits to seriously carry out the work and correctly assess the current situation that the research/sub-project requires such as climate conditions and people's livelihoods.

- The People's Committee of the commune and representatives of the people of the commune will cooperate to share issues arising during the implementation of the research/sub-project.

3.1.1.2 Commune-level community consultation Participants

Representatives of the Commune People's Committee , Staff of Tay Nguyen University, Staff of Tay Nguyen Ethnic Youth Vocational College,...

Consultation content

- Introduce research projects, determine the scope of implementation of sub-projects in Cu M'Gar, Lak, Ea Hleo, Krong Bong, Ea Hleo, Krong Buk districts, assess livelihood impacts caused by climate change, give opinions on adaptation and mitigation measures. Identify factors that need to be periodically monitored.

- Local opinions on the implementation of research/sub-projects.

- Opinions and solutions will be recorded specifically, publicly and presented in the report content.

3.1.1.3 Village level consultation

Participants

At the village level, community consultation is conducted with two main groups:

(1) People directly affected; (2) People indirectly affected.

The direct/indirect beneficiaries include leaders and people of districts and communes in the research /sub-project area. The research will help the community identify important sources of livelihood, thereby increasing agricultural production and improving people's living conditions through supporting water quality control, collecting and retaining fresh water for production and daily life, improving irrigation conditions, improving traffic conditions and living environment. Increase rural employment through intensive farming, aquaculture, marketing and distribution of agricultural products through adaptive solutions shared among communities.

Consultation content

- Notification of work to be done in the research project

- Discuss the impacts of climate change on livelihood security.

- People and local authorities in the study area as well as participants exchanged and discussed climate and livelihood issues.

- Consult and propose adaptation solutions from stakeholders.

3.1.2 Important community livelihood resources

Through community consultations, data and field surveys show that the main source of livelihood for communities in these areas is agricultural production, mainly growing long-term industrial crops .

Table 3.1 Summary of livelihood sources of ethnic minorities in Dak Lak

Source of livelihood

Unit (person)	Medium
Cultivation	%	75.8
Animal husbandry	%	0
Forestry	%	4.8
Commercial services	%	9.7
Other	%	9.7

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(Source : synthesis of field consultation results in Dak Lak Province, 2013)

The table shows that the livelihood of ethnic minority communities in Dak Lak mainly comes from agricultural production, accounting for 75.8%. The proportion of households with good economic conditions and rich households is zero, households with average economic conditions account for 69.3%, while poor and near-poor households account for a high proportion of 30.7%. Through approaching the communities, there are some limited resources as follows: poor access to scientific information, farming methods, pest control, difficult transportation, lack of farming equipment, etc.

Table 3.2 Summary of economic levels of ethnic minority households in Dak Lak

Household type

Rich	Medium	Poor	Near poor
Percentage (%)	0	69.3	12.8	17.9

(Source: synthesis of field consultation results in Dak Lak Province, 2013)

3.1.3 Impact of climate phenomena on important community livelihood resources

Through community consultation combined with direct interview questionnaires with the community and local authorities, village elders on the level and impact of weather phenomena on the community's agricultural production activities are shown in the following table:

Table 3.3 Summary of extreme weather phenomena in ethnic minority communities in Dak Lak

Extreme climate events in 5-10 years

Object	Level of impact
Object	Increase	Stable	Reduce	Unit of measure (person ) family)
Drought	100	0	0	%
Flood	50	16.6	33.3	%
Temperature rise	96.9	3.1	0	%
Landslide , landslide	93.7	6.3	0	%
Tornado	50	25	25	%

(Source: synthesis of field consultation results in Dak Lak Province, 2013)

Results from community consultations show that 100% of the community identified increased drought in the area over the past 10 years. The increase in temperature promotes photosynthesis, creating more CO2, allowing key crops such as coffee, pepper , rubber, etc. to grow well and maintain production, but appropriate solutions are needed to adapt to erratic climate changes and long-term trends . Increased temperatures change weather patterns, thereby directly affecting the productivity and quality of crop products. Droughts cause rivers , streams, and groundwater to decrease in water levels, leading to insufficient water resources.

irrigation for crops. The agricultural extension network exists but its activities are limited, the irrigation system is still very inadequate compared to local agricultural production .

Frequent rains and floods increase the level of risk in production because most production here depends on rainwater and groundwater, so water shortages are common. Coffee trees need water to meet the needs of growth and fruit production, but in the months of April - July, the amount of rain tends to be unevenly distributed and in April and July it is low (Figure 2.2), causing the trees to lack water, the fruit dries and falls, the beans are small, leading to damage to productivity and quality. Changes in the crop season, productivity decreases while requiring high input costs for irrigation, causing income to decrease .

Climate change causes productivity and output of crops and livestock to decrease, livestock resistance is poor, and the environment is favorable for disease development, causing many diseases in humans, livestock and poultry. Forests are gradually lost, leading to the risk of extinction of animals and plants, loss of valuable genetic resources, and soil erosion and aridity .

Table 3.4 List of livelihood resources most important and affected by climate hazards for adaptation to climate change impacts.

On a 4-point scale, the most important source of livelihood is farming ( coffee , pepper, etc.), and climate change has a significant impact on their livelihoods and water resources for irrigation (3 points).

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