Research on the current status of Dioxin contamination due to war at some contaminated sites in Vietnam - 1

During my time studying and writing my thesis, I have received a lot of support from my training institution, family, friends and colleagues. First of all, I would like to sincerely thank Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the Department of Postgraduate Training Management for creating favorable conditions and helping me in the process of writing my thesis.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen The Hung and Dr. Nguyen Anh Tuan for their wholehearted guidance in my thesis and for helping me complete my thesis successfully.

Finally, I would like to thank my family, friends and colleagues for creating conditions, encouraging and supporting me throughout my studies.

Thai Nguyen, date month year 2012

Student

Nguyen Huu Phuc

COMMITMENT

I hereby certify that: the data and research results in this thesis are honest and have not been defended for any academic degree.

I certify that any help received in preparing this thesis and all sources used have been fully acknowledged in this thesis.

Thai Nguyen, date month year 2012

Student

Nguyen Huu Phuc

INDEX

INTRODUCTION 1

1. Urgency of the topic 1

2. Research objective 2

3. Requirement 3

4. Meaning of topic 3

Chapter 1 : DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 4

1.1. Scientific basis of topic 4

1.2. Legal basis 5

1.3. Theoretical basis 6

1.4. Overview of research situation in the field of topic 16

1.4.1. Research situation in the world 16

1.4.2. Domestic research situation 19

Chapter 2 : RESEARCH CONTENT AND METHODS 24

2.1. Research objects and scope 24

2.2. Time and place of research 24

2.3. Research content 24

2.4. Research methods 24

Chapter 3 : RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

3.1. Sources of dioxin contamination due to the war in Vietnam and research sites ... 27

3.1.1. Sources of dioxin contamination due to war in Vietnam 27

3.1.2. Sources of dioxin contamination at Da Nang airport and Bien Hoa airport 33

3.2. Assessment of dioxin contamination residues in the environment 38

3.2.1. Residual dioxin contamination in the environment 38

3.2.2. Comparison of dioxin contamination concentrations in soil and sediment samples 49

3.3. Proposed initial environmental risk assessment model 52

3.3.1. Overview of the risk assessment model for environmental pollution 52

3.3.2. Proposed model for initial environmental risk assessment due to residual dioxin contamination

................................................................ ................................................................ .......................................... 54

3.4. Some solutions to manage, overcome and minimize 57

3.4.1. Limitations related to the management of dioxin contamination due to war 57

3.4.2. Some solutions to manage, overcome and minimize dioxin contamination 58

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60

REFERENCES 62

LIST OF WORDS - ABBREVIATIONS

AND: Deoxyribonucleic acid

AhR : Aryl nuclear Translocator

RNA: Ribonucleic acid

BVMT: Environmental protection

BVTV: Plant protection

Industrialization - modernization: Government

EPA: Environment program of America

ER : Estrogen Receptor

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GEMS : Global Food Contamination Assessment Monitoring System HxCDD : Hexachloro dibenzo dioxin

HpCDD: Heptachloro dibenzo dioxin

HPLC : High-performance liquid chromatography HxCDF : Hexa chloro dibenzo furan

HpCDF : Hepta chloro dibenzo furan

IARC : International Agency for Research on Cancer IOM : US Institute of Medicine

ODA : Officical Development Assistantl PeCDD : Penta chloro dibenzo dioxin PCP : Penta chloro phenol

PCDFs : Polycholro dibenzo furans PCDDs : Polycholro dibenzo dioxins PeCDF : Penta cholro dibenzo furans PCBs : Poly chlorbiphenyls

POPs: Persistent organic pollutants

PVC : Poly vinyl chlororide OCDD : Otor chloro dibenzo dioxin

OCDD : Otor chloro dibenzo furan TCDD : Tetra chloro dibenzo dioxin TCDF : Tetra chloro dibenzo furan

TeCB : Tetrachlorobenzene

TEF : Total Equipment Failure

TEQ : Toxic Equivalents

TW : Central

UB 10 – 80 : National Committee to investigate the consequences of chemical substances in war UNDP : United Nations Development Program

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VN : Vietnam

WHO : World Health Organization

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. TCDD content and equivalent toxicity (ppt) in human blood

Vietnam (1991 - 1992) 13

Table 1.2. List of human diseases associated with dioxin exposure 14

Table 1.3. World Health Organization (WHO) TEF values ​​in the assessment

risk to humans 15

Table 1.4. 2,3,7,8-TCDD content in fish, crustaceans and US foods

Import in Vietnam 20

Table 1.5. Content of 2,3,7,8 - TCDD in milk taken from Vietnam and the US 21

Table 2.1. Location of soil and sediment sample collection at Da Nang airport 25

Table 2.2. Location of soil and sediment sample collection at Bien Hoa airport 26

Table 3.1. Amount of fluorescent agent sprayed in Southern Vietnam 28

Table 3.2. Area affected by defoliant 30

Table 3.3. Land areas heavily affected by dioxin-containing foliar spraying by locality 32

Table 3.4. Major storage sites for dioxin/agent orange

during the Vietnam War, 1961 - 1971 34

Table 3.5. Amount of fluorescent agents stored and transported by the US military at Bien Hoa airport 37

Table 3.6. Dioxin concentrations in soil samples monitored at Da Nang airport 40

Table 3.7. Dioxin concentrations in sediment samples monitored at Da Nang airport

Danang 44

Table 3.8. Dioxin concentrations in soil samples monitored at Bien Hoa airport 46

Table 3.9. Dioxin concentrations in sediment samples observed in different areas

nearby 48

Table 3.10. Comparison table of maximum, average and minimum values ​​of pollution concentration in soil and sediment samples according to the type of airport dioxin

Danang 50

Table 3.11. Comparison table of maximum, average, and minimum values ​​of pollution concentrations in soil and sediment samples by type of airport dioxin

Bien Hoa 51