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VIETNAM ATOMIC ENERGY INSTITUTE
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NGUYEN VAN DUNG
RESEARCH ON DATABASE CONSTRUCTION AND
RADIATION DOSAGE ASSESSMENT MODEL AT SOME RARE EARTH MINES AND PLASTER MINES
PHYSICS DOCTORAL THESIS
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ATOMIC ENERGY INSTITUTE
-----------------------------
NGUYEN VAN DUNG
RESEARCH ON DATABASE CONSTRUCTION AND
RADIATION DOSAGE ASSESSMENT MODEL AT SOME RARE EARTH MINES AND PLASTER MINES
PHYSICS DOCTORAL THESIS
Major: Nuclear and Atomic Physics Code: 9.44.01.06
Scientific instructor:
1. Dr. Nguyen Hao Quang
2. Dr. Dao Dinh Thuan
COMMITMENT
I hereby certify that this is my research work under the scientific guidance of Dr. Nguyen Hao Quang and Dr. Dao Dinh Thuan. The data and results presented in the thesis are true and have been agreed by the co-authors in the published scientific works. The thesis does not copy or illegally use the results and data from any documents or scientific works of other authors.
I take full responsibility for the content presented in this thesis.
Thesis author
PhD. Nguyen Van Dung
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To complete my doctoral program and write my thesis, I received the attention and enthusiastic help of organizations and individuals.
First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my two supervisors, Dr. Nguyen Hao Quang and Dr. Dao Dinh Thuan, who have wholeheartedly guided and imparted valuable knowledge and experience in the field, encouraged and created all favorable conditions for the author throughout the process of studying, researching and completing the thesis.
The author would like to thank the teachers and staff participating in teaching and working at the Nuclear Training Center - Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute for their dedicated teaching, help and support in all necessary procedures for the author during the process of studying, researching and writing the thesis.
The author would like to sincerely thank the leadership and scientists of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute, Federation of Radioactive and Rare Geology, University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi University of Science for their help and valuable professional advice during the time of studying and writing the thesis.
The author would like to thank the Board of Directors of the University of Mining and Geology, the Board of Directors of the Faculty of Environment, the Board of Directors of the Department of Basic Environment and colleagues for their encouragement, support and creating favorable conditions for the author during the time of studying, working and implementing the thesis.
Finally, the author would like to express his deep gratitude to his family, friends and relatives who have always encouraged, helped and created the most favorable conditions for the author in studying, researching and working. Although there are still many difficulties and challenges, he has also achieved certain results.
The thesis inevitably has many shortcomings and omissions. The author hopes to receive comments from teachers, scientists, colleagues and interested people, so that the author can continue to perfect the thesis.
Hanoi, date month year 2022
PhD student
Nguyen Van Dung
INDEX
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF DRAWINGS ix
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVE RESOURCES AND THE SITUATION OF MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING AT RARE EARTH MINES AND PLACES 5
1.1. Some concepts about radiation 5
1.2. Law of radioactive decay 6
1.3. Some quantities and units of measurement used in radiation safety 7
1.3.1. Dose 8
1.3.2. Absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate 8
1.3.3. Equivalent dose and equivalent dose rate 9
1.3.4. Effective dose and effective dose rate 9
1.4. Natural radionuclides on the Earth's surface 11
1.4.1. Radionuclides belonging to the radioactive series 11
1.4.2. Primitive radionuclides not belonging to the radioactive series .. 13
1.4.3. Natural radionuclides of cosmic origin 14
1.5. Natural radiation background 15
1.5.1. Current status of environmental radiation in the world 16
1.5.2. Natural environmental radiation background in Vietnam 20
1.6. Situation of exploration, exploitation and processing of rare earth ores and placers
................................................................ ................................................................ ................... 22
1.6.1. In the world 22
1.6.2. In Vietnam 23
1.6.3. Natural geographical, geological and mineral characteristics of Muong Hum 26 rare earth mine
1.6.4. Natural geographical, geological and mineral characteristics of Ban Gie 30 monazite placer mine
1.7. Existing problems in environmental radioactivity research at mineral mines in our country 31
CHAPTER 2. METHODS OF RESEARCH, EXPERIMENTAL CONDUCT AND CONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVE DATA 33
2.1. Research methodology 33
2.1.1. Mechanism of radioactive gas emission to the ore body environment containing NORM 34
2.1.2. Mechanism of gamma radiation emission to the environment from ore bodies containing NORM 37
2.1.3. Sampling and dose rate measurement at the scene 40
2.1.4. Nuclear trace detector method for measuring radon and thoron concentrations
................................................................ ................................................................ .......... 42
2.1.5. Sample processing and measurement of activity concentrations of radioactive nuclei in the laboratory 43
2.1.6. Quality assurance and control (QA/QC) program for gamma radiation measurements 45
2.2. Determination of activity concentration of radioactive nuclei by gamma spectrometry method 47
2.2.1. Physical basis 47
2.2.2. Select the characteristic gamma line to determine the radioactive activity 48
2.2.3. Determination of the activity concentration of balanced and unbalanced 238U
................................................................ ................................................................ .......... 48
2.2.4. Construction of absolute write performance curve 49
2.2.5. Determination of radon concentration in the air in the area surrounding the 52 mineral deposit
2.3. Document analysis method 53
2.3.1. Calculation of absorbed gamma dose rate at a distance of 1 m from the ground53
2.3.2. Calculation of average annual effective dose of external gamma radiation (AGED)
................................................................ ................................................................ .......... 53
2.3.3. Calculation of effective irradiation through the digestive tract (Ein) 54
2.3.4. Calculation of average annual effective dose due to inhalation of radon through the respiratory tract 55
2.3.5. Radium 56 equivalent activity
2.3.6. Hazard index for external and internal radiation 56
2.3.7. Lifetime cancer risk of the 57-year-old community
2.3.8. Method for determining radiation dose changes after mining activities in the study area 57
2.4. Building a database of environmental radiation at mineral mines containing NORM 60
2.4.1. Principles of building environmental radiation database 61
2.4.2. Software development process 62
2.4.3. Choosing a programming language 64
2.4.4. Standards for environmental radioactivity databases 65
2.5. Correcting measurement results and evaluating analysis result errors 68
2.5.1. Error assessment 68
2.5.2. Correction of the difference between the mass of the standard sample and the analyzed sample 70
2.5.3. Error transmission formula 71
2.5.4. Sources of error 72
3.1. Geoenvironmental model to study the mechanism of radioactive dispersion to the environment 73
3.2. Assessment of the impact of environmental radiation at the Muong Hum 75 rare earth mine
3.2.1. Assessment of the release of radioactive substances into the environment 75
3.2.2. Results of radiation dose assessment at rare earth deposit 80
3.3. Assessment of the impact of environmental radiation at the Ban Gie 88 monazite mine
3.3.1. Assessment of the release of radioactive substances into the environment 88
3.3.2. Assessment of radiation dose levels at the Ban Gie monazite mine area. 90
3.5. Sociological investigation and health status of people living in and near the radioactive mineral mine 106
3.5.1. Processing and synthesizing the results of sociological surveys in the research area
................................................................ ................................................................ ......... 106
3.5.2. Assessment of the impact of radioactive pollution on public health in the Muong Hum 107 rare earth mine area
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114
LIST OF AUTHOR'S WORKS 117
REFERENCES 120
Appendix 1 134
Appendix 2 138
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations
English | Vietnamese | |
Database | Database | Database |
D | Absorbed dose rate | Absorbed dose rate |
ELCR | The excess lifetime cancer risk | Risk of cancer during life |
H ex | External hazard index | External hazard index |
H print | Internal hazard index | Internal hazard index |
HPGe | High Pure Germanium | Ultra-pure Germanium |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IAED | Indoor annual effective dose | Effective dose in row year |
ICRP | International Commission on Radiological Protection | International Commission on Radiological Protection |
United Nations | United Nations | United Nations |
NCS | PhD student | PhD student |
NORM | Naturally Occuring Radioactive Materials | Materials containing natural radioactivity |
OAED | Outdoor Annual Effective Dose | Effective dose outside the row year |
PXMT | Environmental radioactivity | Environmental radiation |
Output eq | Radium equivalent activity | Equivalent Radi activity |
TAEDE | Total annual effective dose equivalent | Total annual effective dose |
UNSCEAR | United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation | United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |
US EPA | United States Environmental Protection Agency | US Environmental Protection Agency |