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Ratio of Income from Wages and Pensions of 15 Households


Table 3.6: Additional plant species from 2002 to present



TT


Full name

Additional plant species (trees)


Total

Lim

Doi

Fat

Gong

Dung

Glue

Wind

Re

Bamboo shoots

Xoan

Chestnut

Information

1

Tran Ngoc Lam

300

100


250


20,000

500

200

10




21,360

2

Pham Quang De






1,000



-




1,000

3

Luu Trong My




200





-




200

4

Nguyen Minh Loi



2,000

2,000

500

1,000







5,500

5

Nguyen Cong Tuan

200


500

300


15,000







16,000

6

Dinh Thi Luu



300

50

200

10,000





200


10,750

7

Nguyen Manh Ha



600

50


10,000






400

11,050

8

Nguyen Thanh Vinh













-

9

Luu Trong Bac

150


50

300


7,000







7,500

10

Le Hong Cu



100

2,000


4,000







6,100

11

Nguyen Trong Hiep






300







300

12

Nguyen Phi Khanh



250

30


200







480

13

Dao Van Hanh




30


1,000







1,030

14

Bui Thi Huong






3,000







3,000

15

Nguyen Phung Chin






1,000

20


2

100



1.122


Total

650

100

3,800

5.210

700

73,500

520

200

12

100

200

400

85,392

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Ratio of Income from Wages and Pensions of 15 Households

(Source LISO: Field survey 2013)

57

3.4.5. Income from salaries and pensions

In the village, there are 91 people receiving state salaries, of which 76 members are receiving pensions and 15 are working. Thus, the proportion of people with stable monthly income in Khe Nam village accounts for 20.8% of the total population of the village (91/438 people).

In addition, of the 76 members receiving pensions, more than 50% are Forestry workers. According to the list of households receiving salaries in Khe Nam village, 100% of households assigned land and forest in 2002 received pensions, of which 8/15 households had both husband and wife receive pensions. The total amount from salaries and pensions amounted to nearly 1 billion VND/year/15 households.

Through interviews with 34 households in the village (including all 15 households assigned to the 2002 GĐGR), 26 households had income from salaries and pensions, the remaining 8 households did not. Of which, the total salary and pension in 2013 of 15 households assigned to land and forests in 2002 was 794,160,000 million VND, the remaining 13 households in the village was 614,520,000 million VND.

In addition, through household interviews, income from salaries and pensions of 15 households accounted for a high proportion of total household income.


CHART OF PROPORTION OF INCOME FROM SALARY AND PENSION OF 15 HOUSEHOLDS IN 2013

49%

51%

Income from salaries and pensions

Revenue from the

other sources

Figure 3.14: Ratio of income from salary and pension of 15 households

The chart above shows that the total income from salaries and pensions accounts for 49% of the average total income of 15 households that were assessed in 2002 in 2013. Thus, the stable income from salaries and pensions has contributed significantly to the results of maintaining, protecting and developing forests of households from 2002 to present. According to the sharing of some households, part of the salary and pensions are used by households to reinvest in forest development such as clearing vegetation, planting native trees, Acacia trees and part is used to maintain daily life. This can demonstrate that to have the forest model as it is today, the stable income from salaries and pensions plays an important role not only for the 15 households of Thong Khe Nam but also for other households in the village.

3.5. Effectiveness of forest protection

3.5.1. Having a stable water system after being allocated land and forest


According to Ms. Pham Thi Nga from Khe Nam village, "The best way to protect the forest is to have water to eat."

Currently, although every household in the village has a well, those with water from streams use it for daily cooking. According to the households living in the village, before 2002, when the forest was not allocated, most households had to use water from the streams.

Wells or water from the streams in the Ru (Forest) but not regularly and the water quality is not good, especially in the rainy season, which greatly affects the daily life, livestock and farming of the people here. Not only that, this water source also dries up for 2 months/year in the dry season. However, after only 3-4 years of being allocated the forest according to Decree 163/ND-CP, the households are all excited because the water source is more abundant and stable than before. The water taken from the streams is very clear and clean; the water flows all day and all night, so most families living in the village have designed their own water pipes from the streams for daily life, livestock and farming.


Diagram of water supply from the assigned forest for households in Khe Nam village

Before the 2002 GDGR:

Water shortage 2

months/year in dry season.

2006:


Water supply is stable and not lacking.

To date:

Abundant, clean and surplus water for daily life and irrigation.

Table 3.7: Statistical table of water usage data in Khe Nam village



Status


How to use

Number of households


Note

2006

2013

1

Stream water

8

15

Data collected on 34 household interview questionnaires

2

Well water

34

34

3

Well water



4

Other (be specific...)





(Source LISO: Household interview data, 2013)

Thus, the most important achievement according to the general assessment of Khe Nam villagers in the work of water resource management is that it has created a great opportunity for them to have a stable source of domestic water with increasingly improved quality.

In addition to the above meaning, we can also understand that to have a steady stream water source, there must be a forest and to protect the forest, there must be consensus and joint efforts of the households living in the village as well as the attention and support of local authorities at all levels.

3.5.2. Stabilizing forest ecosystems

Through the survey and collection of information by the author, currently in the village community forest area, household forests still have many valuable native timber trees.

such as: Lim, Tau, Gioi, Mo, Cong, Kien Kien, Re. In the forest, tree species have many different ages and sizes. According to the sharing of households and the author's observations, the trees here have 3 main levels:

Large trees are usually Lim, Re, Kien Kien, with a diameter ranging from 200-300cm; Medium-sized trees such as Cong, Gioi Mo, Lim have a diameter of 80-120cm;

Small trees: Newly regenerated trees planted by local people since 2002 when the forest was allocated;

In the forest, large trees are not numerous and are concentrated in 6-7 households, while the rest of the households have medium and small trees. According to Mr. Tran Ngoc Lam, 51 years old in Khe Nam village, he shared:

“ 30-40 years ago, there were many Lim trees and other valuable trees in this forest, but they were all cut down by the Forestry Department and local people. The remaining large trees were protected by us because they were close to our houses, the steep terrain was difficult to exploit, and we knew that the trees were valuable, so we tried not to let anyone cut them down, even though at that time it was not our land.”

In the assigned forest area, people only have a very small impact, such as every year, family members go out to clear, prune non-purpose vines and participate in weekly patrols and protection. The entire forest area assigned to Khe Nam village community in 2002 has been protected and developed reasonably and effectively by households. Most households, after being assigned land and forest, have invested efforts and capital to plant additional native trees in vacant land with few forest trees. The selected tree species are mostly native species, suitable for the climate, weather and soil conditions here such as Lim, Mo, Cong, De. Every year, family members go out to clear, prune vines, restore the forest, and participate in forest protection activities according to regulations. Therefore, the structure of the forest ecosystem here is increasingly developing and becoming more stable. This has been presented by the author above in relation to the comparison of forest quality in 2002 and 2013.

3.5.3. Stabilizing household livelihoods

3.5.3.1. Income from crops

Ms. Nguyen Thi Dao shared: There is a Lim tree that they offered up to 90 million VND but my family refused to sell it. If we sell one tree, we will sell many trees and create a bad influence on our children and other households living in the village.

Since the end of 2005, some households have proactively cleared the assigned areas at the foot of the hill where there are many bushes, vines, and bamboo to plant additional Acacia. Up to now, some households have harvested 2 crops and continue to plant a 3rd crop.

Because the area for planting Acacia is only for utilization and supplementary planting at the foot of the forest and in vacant lands, the profit is not much. However

However, according to many households, Acacia trees planted in these areas grow well, are large and straight, and do not cost much money to invest in buying fertilizer. Most of the money from selling Acacia trees is invested back into the forest, such as buying native tree seedlings for additional planting or investing in developing family gardens. According to Mr. Hoa, households choosing to plant like this is very correct because if all the forest trees are cleared to plant Acacia, it will only be good in the first and second years, but after that, the trees will have nothing to eat. As for intercropping and supplementary planting at the foot of the hills, Acacia trees as well as native trees will benefit from the nutrients flowing from the forest, so they will grow faster and be harvested faster than elsewhere.

Planting Acacia trees at the foot of the hills and supplementing them with native forest species in sparse forest areas is a completely correct direction, not only bringing common benefits to the area in terms of the environment but also contributing to stabilizing the livelihoods of local people. In addition, protecting large trees will attract more and more honeybees and wild animals such as weasels, pigs, and wild chickens every year, and the forest ecosystem will be increasingly improved (Household interview results, 2013).

Table 3.8: Revenue from selling Acacia in 2013 of 15 households



Status


Full name


Address

Total revenue from Glue sales in 2013 (VND)


Note

1

Tran Ngoc Lam

Slot Five

70,000,000


2

Nguyen Cong Tuan

Slot Five

16,000,000


3

Pham Quang De

Slot Five

500,000


4

Nguyen Thi Huong

Slot Five

30,000,000


5

Dinh Thi Luu

Slot Five

52,000,000


6

Nguyen Manh Ha

Slot Five

40,000,000


7

Luu Trong Bac

Slot Five

1,000,000


8

Le Hong Cu

Slot Five

10,000,000


9

Nguyen Trong Hiep

Slot Five

2,700,000


10

Dao Van Hanh

Slot Five

6,000,000


11

Nguyen Trong Hiep

Slot Five

3,000,000


12

Nguyen Minh Loi

Slot Five

0


13

Nguyen Thi Lan

Slot Five

0


14

Nguyen Thanh Vinh

Slot Five

0


15

Tran Thi Huy

Slot Five

0



Total revenue from Glue sales in 2013


231,200,000


(Source LISO: Field Research, 2013)


CHART OF INCOME FROM GLUE SALES TO TOTAL INCOME OF 11 HOUSEHOLDS


Figure 3.15: Ratio of revenue from Keo sales to total income of 11 households in 2013


Thus, in 2013, the total revenue from selling Acacia of 11 households was 231,200,000 VND, accounting for 18% of the total income in 2013 of 1,574,475,000 VND. In which, the household with the highest revenue was Mr. Lam with 70,000,000 VND and the least was Mr. De with 500,000 VND. This shows that in addition to other sources of income, income from selling Acacia has also contributed to stabilizing the livelihoods of 11 households. However, in the coming years, this source of income will decrease because the Acacia growing area is gradually replaced by the area of ​​growing native trees and fruit trees.

3.5.3.2. Collection of non-timber forest products

Most households share income from non-timber forest products in the assigned forest area. Income comes from households collecting products in areas other than the assigned forest. Previously, the area of ​​​​Rattan and Heo trees was concentrated at the foot of the hill, but up to now, households have cleared and pruned to plant Acacia and other native trees. In the middle of the hillside and up to the top, there are many Bamboo and Giang trees, but households rarely exploit them for sale due to difficult access and low economic value. Bamboo shoots are the main product and are regularly available in the assigned forest area. The time to harvest bamboo shoots in the year is concentrated in August and September. However, very few households sell them but only use them for household use.

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