Powder Coating Production Situation in Vietnam [33]

- Spraying: Applying static effect during the spraying process with a controller on the gun, can adjust the amount of powder sprayed or adjust the spray mode according to the shape of the painted object.

- Drying: The painted object after painting is put into the drying chamber. Depending on the type and technical parameters of the paint powder, set the appropriate automatic drying mode (drying temperature 150 0 C - 200 o C, drying time 10 - 15 minutes).

- Finally, the inspection and packaging of finished products. Due to the good surface treatment process, the zinc phosphating process adheres firmly to the metal surface, so the product after electrostatic painting has high corrosion resistance under the impact of the environment. The colors of electrostatic painting products are very diverse and rich such as glossy or rough paint, hammer grain or silver glitter... Therefore, electrostatic painting products can meet the needs in many fields with high durability and aesthetics, especially for the surfaces.

1.2. Powder coating production situation in Vietnam [33]

In Vietnam, our ancestors nearly 400 years ago knew how to use lacquer from naturally grown lacquer trees to make decorative paint and protect the wood quality of worship statues, parallel sentences "sơn đỏ lá vàng". The quality of this protective paint layer has remained almost unchanged after hundreds of years of use. Up to now, lacquer is still considered a high-quality raw material for the lacquer painting industry, which is popular both domestically and internationally. Some types of fatty oils such as: tung oil and hybrid oil or pine resin from three-leaf pine trees that grow naturally in Vietnam, have long been processed by people into clear varnish, colloquially called "quang dau" used to decorate and protect "conical hats" or "wooden furniture", interior and exterior [33].

However, the use of the above paint was only spontaneous from the needs of daily life. It was not until 1913 - 1914 that an oil paint factory appeared in Hai Phong in Vietnam, opened by the French, with the TESTUDO brand. A few years later, the first Vietnamese paint company, "Nguyen Son Ha Paint Company", was established, followed by paint companies in Hanoi such as Thang Long and Gecko. It is worth noting that RESISTANCO paint of Nguyen Son Ha paint company is very popular with consumers.

favored by both domestic and foreign customers, this can be said to be the first and largest paint company in Vietnam at that time and still leaves a historical mark to this day, Hai Phong Paint Joint Stock Company, developed from the land named Phu Ha Paint Enterprise (later descendant of Mr. Nguyen Son Ha). Therefore, it can be said that: Mr. Nguyen Son Ha is the founder of the Vietnamese paint industry [33].

The Vietnamese paint industry can be taken as the starting point for development from 1914-1920 [33] . However, due to the historical and social context, it was not until 1975 that Vietnam truly became an independent and unified country with full conditions for socio-economic development and step-by-step development of the Vietnamese paint industry that it can be divided into the following stages:

Period 1914 – 1954: [33].

In Hanoi, Hai Phong, Saigon, the main products are oil paint, solvent-based alkyd paint with simple technology, low quality paint mainly serving the demand for construction decorative paint, high quality industrial paints are all imported. In addition, in the free zone during the resistance war against France, there were also Vietnamese paint production facilities, but the main products were oil paint from natural materials available in Vietnam such as: turpentine, tung oil...

Period 1954 – 1975: [33].

North: there are 3 state-owned paint factories with industrial production scale:

Hanoi General Paint Factory, Hanoi Paint Chemical Factory and Hai Phong Paint Factory (formerly Phu Ha Paint Enterprise) are managed by Hai Phong Department of Industry.

South: There are 16 large and small paint companies producing all types of paint with a total output of

7,000 tons/year (according to data from the General Department of Chemicals - April 28, 1976). Most of the production materials were imported with high quality and modern technology in 1960, including large factories and typical products.

Bach Tuyet and Hue Phat Paint Factory (now Bach Tuyet Paint Company): main products are alkyd paint for construction industry and a small amount of Epoxy paint.

A Dong, A Chau, Viet Dieu, Vinh Phat paint factories mainly produce oil paint, alkyd paint and water paint for the construction decoration paint industry.

Period 1976 – 1989 [33] .

The development characteristics of the paint industry during this period bear the mark of the general difficulties of the economy after the war of national reunification.

High quality synthetic resin paints for industrial use such as Alkyd, Epoxy… are only produced in small quantities according to the foreign currency limit for importing raw materials.

Total paint output is only under 10,000 tons/year, supply cannot meet demand, good quality paints are distributed according to quotas and subsidized prices managed by the State.

Period 1990 – 2008 [33] .

In 1986, Vietnam's economy began to enter the "renovation" period with the characteristics of a market economy, along with the positive changes of the economy, but the positive changes of the paint industry only began in 1990 to enter the process of integration and development with the international region and gradually stabilized and developed continuously until (2008). The historical characteristics of the development of Vietnam's paint industry in the period of 1990 - 2008 can be summarized as follows:

Integration process (1990 – 1993) [33].

Average consumption (mainly decorative paint) is 10,000 tons/year. Main products are domestically produced: Alkyd oil paint, product quality and technology: not high, not meeting the requirements of quantity - quality and type of paint (especially water-based decorative paint and industrial paint).

Investment breakthrough (1993 – 1997) [33]. Advantages: Average GDP growth of 8.8%/year.

The rapid growth of the construction industry is a positive factor for the development of the paint industry.

Consumption: increased dramatically over the years: 10,000 tons in 1993, 25,000 tons in 1996, 40,000 tons in 1997. Decorative paint accounts for 80% of consumption.

Marine and protective paints account for 20% of consumption.

The level of foreign investment in paint reached about 90 million USD: there are 20 foreign paint companies establishing joint venture factories with Vietnam or 100% foreign capital, especially big-name international paint companies are all present in the Vietnamese market.

As a result of this breakthrough investment from abroad, there has been a strong transformation of domestic investment, the quality of paint technology in Vietnam has been "transformed" and created product lines with quality according to market requirements. This has created an extremely important foundation for a leap forward and stability in the following years, especially from 2000 onwards.

Stable development process in the face of challenges (1997 – 1999 ) [33].

Challenges to Vietnam's economic development: Southeast Asian financial crisis (1997 - 1999) Although Vietnam was less affected, its growth slowed down according to Vietnam's economic development indicators. Vietnam's paint industry still achieved a growth rate of 15 - 20% per year until the end of 1999.

High-speed development process 2000 – 2007 [33].

Historical context: Southeast Asian countries have overcome the financial crisis and their economies have begun to recover and develop steadily. Vietnam’s economy has been less affected by this crisis, although its growth has slowed down, it is very stable and is growing stronger and stronger – as shown by the following economic development indicators:

Table 1: Vietnam's GDP growth rate over the years

STT

Year	GDP growth rate/year (%)
1	2000	6.8%
2	2001	6.9%
3	2002	7.08%

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STT

Year	GDP growth rate/year (%)
4	2003	7.34%
5	2004	7.79%
6	2005	8.44%
7	2006	8.23%
8	2007	8.48%

(Data source: Yearbook of General Statistics Office of Vietnam) [13].

Table 2: Capital deployed in Vietnam in the years

STT

Year	Registered capital (billion USD)	Realization (billion USD)
1	2000	2,839	2.44
2	2001	3,143	2,450
3	2002	2,999	2,591
4	2003	3,191	2,650
5	2004	4,548	2,853
6	2005	6,840	3,309
7	2006	12,004	4,100
8	2007	21,348	8,030

Data source: Yearbook of General Statistics Office of Vietnam [13].

The level of Vietnam's paint industry after achieving stable development during the challenging period of the Southeast Asian financial crisis (1997 - 1999) with a growth rate fluctuating between 15 - 20%/year, from 2000 to 2007, it was a process of high-speed development along with the continuous growth of the Vietnamese economy with the following development characteristics:

Strong development in paint output and types: Decorative paint accounts for a large proportion, with an average growth of 25%/year, marine paint, protective paint, and industrial paint are increasingly developing according to market demand (according to the data table from 1995 to 2007 on the development of the Vietnamese paint market published by the Vietnam Paint and Printing Ink Association - VPIA). [14].

Until 2009, foreign-invested enterprises (about more than 200 enterprises) still accounted for 60% of the market share, the remaining 40% was the share of Vietnamese enterprises.

With the characteristic of high-speed development in this period with an average growth rate of 15-20% per year, the number of paint manufacturing enterprises is increasing. Vietnam has become a "hot spot" attracting investment from countries in the region and internationally in the paint industry. In that historical context, the Vietnam Paint and Printing Ink Industry Association (trading name VPIA) was established on April 25, 2008 from the predecessor organization, the Paint and Printing Ink Association of the Ho Chi Minh City Chemical Association. In the first year of establishment, up to April 21, 2009, VPIA has gathered 112 Business Members related to the industry (among 71 members who are manufacturing enterprises, there are: 54 paint manufacturing enterprises, 10 printing ink manufacturing enterprises, 7 enterprises manufacturing raw materials and paint manufacturing equipment). VPIA is an official member of APIC (Asian Paint International Council) consisting of 17 paint associations in the region. VPIA is a young professional association, with a small number of members (64 paint and ink manufacturing members compared to a total of about 280 paint and ink manufacturing enterprises nationwide in 2009). Currently, in the context of the global economic crisis, VPIA is initially integrating into the path of professional operation, with the assessment of prestigious economic experts in the world, Vietnam's economy will soon recover and can maintain a growth rate of over 3% in 2014, the paint industry alone still achieves strong growth in protective paints and marine paints, decorative paints, etc. VPIA hopes to operate effectively in the process of protecting the interests of its members and integrating the Vietnamese paint and ink industry well into regional and international countries [14].

1.3. Situation of raw material, energy and water usage in the powder coating industry

The main materials used include: Aluminum profiles, CR-2 electrostatic powder coating (dongtai) [21].

Auxiliary materials: include chemicals, auxiliaries and CR-2 (Dong tai), DA-2 (Dong tai), H 2 SO 4 , polymers, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Fe 2 SO 4 , HNO 3, NaOH [21].

Energy usage situation:

Energy: The powder coating industry uses mainly electricity for machinery, technological equipment, air conditioning, ventilation and lighting.

Fuel: The powder coating industry often uses 2 types of fuel for boilers: coal or FO oil and gasoline for transportation, lifting, maintenance... Recently, some equipment using gas has begun to appear.

Water usage situation:

Water is used in the powder coating industry very much, especially for plating technology. Statistics of enterprises show that the water usage rate for 1 ton of product of each enterprise is very different. This difference depends on each item, each equipment, and technology used. The unreasonable use leading to water waste is a very common phenomenon in powder coating enterprises.

Table 3: Raw materials for powder coating production

STT

Name of raw material

Chemical formula

Usage steps

Origin

Aluminum profile

Raw materials

into the main

Vietnam

Electrostatic powder coating of all kinds

Epoxy, polyester, additives

Raw materials used for coating

Vietnam, China

country

CR-2 (dongtai)

HNO3 : 8% ;

CrO3 : 4% ;

NaNO3 : 6 %

Chrome Coating

China

DA-2(Ear)

HF.H 2 O: 15%;

H 3 PO 4 : 5%;

C6H14O2 : 5 %

Chrome Coating

China

STT

Name of raw material	Chemical formula	Usage steps	Origin
5	Sulfuric acid	H 2 SO 4	Wastewater treatment, material recovery adsorbent	Vietnam
6	Polymer	Polymer	Wastewater treatment	Vietnamese Male
7	Aluminum Sulfate	Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3	Wastewater treatment	Vietnamese Male
8	Ferrous Sulfate	Fe 2 SO 4	Wastewater treatment	Vietnamese Male
9	Nitric Acid	HNO 3	Wastewater treatment	Vietnamese Male
10	Sodium Hydroxide	NaOH	Clean the original materials, wastewater treatment	Vietnam
11	Liquid gas, coal, firewood	Liquid gas, coal, firewood	Boiler	Vietnamese Male
12	Electricity	Electricity	Air conditioner, machine	Vietnamese Male
13	Water:	H2O	Living, production export	Vietnamese Male

(Source: Summary report of science and technology on state-level topics - Research

Research, manufacture and application of electrostatic powder coating ) [2]

1.4. Research situation on clean production at home and abroad

With significant benefits, green production is increasingly widely applied in the world, especially in developed industrial countries such as the US, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland.

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