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Peanut Production Situation in the World, Vietnam and Quang Binh


CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES


1.1. PEANUT PRODUCTION SITUATION IN THE WORLD, VIETNAM AND QUANG BINH

1.1.1. Peanut production situation in the world

According to data from FAOSTAT (2012) [109], the world peanut production situation in the last 3 years (2008 - 2010) in Table 1.1 is as follows:

Table 1.1. Area, yield and production of peanuts in the world (2008 – 2010)


TT


Country name

Acreage

(million hectares)

Productivity

(ton/ha)

Output

(million tons)

2008

2009

2010

2008

2009

2010

2008

2009

2010

1

India

6.85

5.47

4.93

1,071

1,007

1,144

7.33

5.51

5.64

2

China

4.62

4.40

3.55

3,102

3,357

3,454

14.34

14.76

15.71

3

Nigeria

2.30

2.64

2.64

1,695

1,126

1,000

3.90

2.97

2.64

4

Sudan

0.95

0.95

1.15

0.750

0.996

0.662

0.71

0.94

0.76

5

Angola

0.18

0.29

0.30

0.333

0.383

0.388

0.60

0.11

0.12

6

Myanmar

0.65

0.84

0.87

1,538

1,622

1,548

1.00

1.36

1.34

7

Indonesia

0.63

0.62

0.62

1,216

1,249

1,256

0.77

0.78

0.78

8

Cameroon

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.533

1,523

1,533

0.16

0.46

0.46

9

America

0.60

0.44

0.51

3,828

3,835

3,712

2.33

1.67

1.89

10

Vietnam

0.25

0.25

0.23

2,085

2,107

2,100

0.53

0.53

0.49

11

World

24.59

23.91

24.01

1,553

1,529

1,523

38.20

36.57

36.57

Maybe you are interested!

(Source: FAOSTAT, 2012)


In 2010, the world's peanut growing area reached 24.01 million hectares, with over 112 countries growing peanuts. Of which, the peanut growing area in Asian countries accounted for 47.84%, Africa 47.83%, America 4.2%, Europe 0.45% of the total area. Countries with large areas include 10 countries, of which India has the largest area of ​​4,930,000 hectares.


ha, China reached 3,550,000 ha, Nigeria reached 2,640,000 ha. The world peanut growing area in the 3 years 2008, 2009 and 2010 fluctuated from 23.91 million ha to 24.59 million ha. Leading was India, fluctuating from 4.93 million ha to 6.85 million ha, followed by China, fluctuating from 3.55 million ha to 4.62 million ha, Nigeria, fluctuating from 2.3 million ha to 2.64 million ha. The fluctuation trend was mainly downward and there were countries with a decrease of millions of ha such as India and China.

The world's average peanut yield is 1.523 - 1.539 tons/ha. The peanut yield of countries in the world varies quite a lot and is unstable over the years. In 2010, the average yield was led by Israel, Nicaragua, Kenya at 5.136 - 5.644 tons/ha, followed by the US, Turkey, China, Spain, Greece, Egypt at 3.039 - 3.712 tons/ha, the lowest were Mozambique, Angola, Zambia at 0.237 - 0.414 tons/ha.

The average world peanut output in 3 years reached from 36.57 - 38.20 million tons. The countries with the largest output are China reaching from 14.34 - 15.31 million tons, followed by India reaching from 5.51 - 7.33 million tons, and the US reaching from 1.67 - 2.33 million tons.

According to scientists, the potential for increasing peanut productivity and output in many countries is still very large and needs to be exploited. While the average peanut yield in the world is only over 1.5 tons/ha. In China, small-scale trials have achieved a yield of about 12 tons/ha, 8 times higher than the average yield in the world. On an area of ​​tens of hectares, peanut productivity can reach 9.6 tons/ha. Recently, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) reported that the difference between peanut productivity at the research station and productivity on farmers' fields is from 4 to 5 tons/ha. While crops such as wheat and rice have nearly reached their ceiling yield and are showing a decreasing trend in many countries around the world, peanut productivity in production is still far from its potential yield. This fact has suggested the possibility of improving productivity and efficiency of peanut production based on the application of scientific and technical advances in production to exploit potential. This strategy has been successfully applied in many countries and has become a lesson in peanut production development in countries around the world [23].


1.1.2. Peanut production situation in Vietnam

Peanuts have been grown in Vietnam for a long time, and are the number one oil crop in terms of area, output and export, contributing significantly to the total value of agricultural exports of our country every year. However, before 1990, peanuts were not given due attention, so the area, productivity and output were very modest. 1987 was the peak of peanut production at this time, but the area reached

237,000 hectares, but the yield is only 0.97 tons/ha and the output is approximately 231,000 tons.

During the period 1990 - 1995, peanut production tended to increase in area and output, but productivity was still low, reaching only over 0.1 tons/ha. During the period 1995 - 2000, peanut productivity increased dramatically, especially in 1999, the productivity reached 1.43 tons/ha, the highest in this period [23].

According to FAOSTAT (2012) [109], in the period 2000 - 2005, the area and productivity of peanuts had a spectacular improvement, each year higher than the previous year. In 2000, the area reached 244,900 hectares, the productivity reached 1.45 tons/ha, but by 2005, the area reached 269,600 hectares, the productivity reached 1.82 tons/ha, putting peanuts in the top 10 agricultural export products, achieving an export turnover of 30 - 50 million USD/year.

Table 1.2. Area, yield and output of peanuts in Vietnam (2006 – 2010)


Unit

Year

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Area (ha)

246,700

254,249

255,300

249,200

231,284

Yield (ton/ha)

1.87

2.00

2.08

2.11

2.10

Output ( tons)

462,500

504,921

530,200

525.100

485,792

(Source: FAOSTAT, 2012)

Table 1.2 shows that from 2006 to 2010, the peanut area nationwide fluctuated between 231,284 - 255,300 hectares, peaking in 2008 and then showing a decreasing trend. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2009) [8], currently the 5 ecological regions with large peanut growing areas in Vietnam are the Red River Delta (30,500 hectares), the Northeast (40,350 hectares), the North Central Coast (75,300 hectares), the South Central Coast (33,100 hectares) and the Southeast (29,575 hectares). The remaining area is distributed in many places throughout the country and peanuts are grown in 62/64 provinces and cities, with only two


The provinces that do not grow peanuts are Hau Giang and Ca Mau. Of which, 10 provinces with large peanut growing areas are Nghe An (23,675 ha), Tay Ninh (21,400 ha), Ha Tinh (20,325 ha), Thanh Hoa (16,175 ha), Bac Giang (10,900 ha), Quang Nam (10,225 ha), Dak Lak (9,425 ha), Binh Dinh (8,400 ha), Dak Nong (8,125 ha) and Long An (7,500 ha).

However, during this period, productivity continued to increase and was higher than the world average productivity by 0.5 - 0.6 tons/ha (world peanut productivity in 2010 reached 1.523 tons/ha). Peanut productivity between provinces/cities in the country has a significant difference. The average productivity in the period 2006 - 2010 of Ninh Thuan province was 0.71 tons/ha, the lowest, and that of Tra Vinh was 4.08 tons/ha, the highest. Provinces with high peanut productivity are Tra Vinh (4.08 tons/ha), Nam Dinh (3.6 tons/ha), Tay Ninh (3.28 tons/ha) and Hung Yen (3.1 tons/ha). Especially Tay Ninh, the province with the second largest peanut growing area and the third highest productivity in the country [8].

1.1.3. Peanut production situation in Quang Binh

Table 1.3. Area, yield and output of peanuts in Quang Binh (2006 – 2010)


Target

Year

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Area (ha)

5,400

5,608

5,663

5,713

5,719

Yield (ton/ha)

1.48

1.49

1.60

1.69

1.46

Output (tons)

8,000

8,337

9,061

9,655

8,350

(Source: Quang Binh Provincial Statistical Yearbook, 2011) [20]

The data in Table 1.3 shows that the area, productivity and output of peanuts have continuously increased from a yield of only 1.48 - 1.49 tons/ha in 2006 - 2007, to 1.60 - 1.69 tons/ha in 2008 - 2009. In particular, in 2010, the yield was low at 1.46 tons/ha due to severe drought. The area of ​​peanut cultivation has tended to increase because it is a traditional crop, can be grown on many different types of soil, has a large consumer market, and prices are quite stable. On the other hand, in recent times, thanks to the transfer of advanced peanut cultivation techniques, peanut production has become increasingly effective. The expansion of peanut cultivation area thanks to rotation, intercropping, and intercropping with other crops such as cassava and rubber in the period

9


Basic construction... has been carried out quite well by the people. In addition, peanuts are an upland crop that the province has focused on investing in development, so in recent years, the province has allocated a significant portion of its budget to subsidize technical peanut varieties and lime for peanuts, creating conditions for people to expand the area and increase intensive investment. However, although the peanut growing area of ​​the province is currently the 15th largest among 62 peanut growing provinces and cities in the country, the yield is still much lower than the national average yield (2.1 tons/ha in 2010). This is partly due to the fact that the land conditions have not been properly invested in for many years and are now depleted of nutrients. Another reason is that more than half of the current peanut growing area is located in poor and backward residential areas, so they lack the qualifications or ability to invest. Peanuts are mainly grown in captivity, with a yield of only 1.2 - 1.3 tons/ha.

1.2. STUDIES ON VIETNAM'S SEA SANDY SOIL

1.2.1. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil

1.2.2.1. Physical properties

Coastal sandy soils have fine sand grain size (0.25 - 0.01 mm) which accounts for the majority, in some places up to 70 - 95%, while physical clay (< 0.001 mm) rarely exceeds 10 - 15%. The change in grain size in the soil depends on the primary mineral composition and the distance to the coast. The bulk density of coastal sandy soils varies from 1.4 - 1.7 and the specific gravity from 2.6 - 2.7, while the porosity fluctuates from 35 - 45% and the field moisture capacity is very low [50].

Research by Nguyen Van Toan (2004) showed that the physical clay content (<0.002 mm) is very different in different types of coastal sand soils: white sand dune soil fluctuates in soil layers at 1.6 - 1.8%, yellow sand dune soil fluctuates around 2.6 - 2.8%, typical coastal sand soil fluctuates around 8.4 - 10.0% and gley sand soil fluctuates around 10 - 11% [87].

1.2.2.2. Chemical properties

The results of analyzing large volumes of samples collected from many different places also showed that sandy soil is very poor in humus with a fluctuation range of 0.5 - 1.5%, poor in nitrogen with a fluctuation range of 0.05 - 0.5%, especially total phosphorus and available phosphorus are very poor, total phosphorus fluctuates from 0.03 - 0.05% P 2 O 5 and available phosphorus is only in trace form < 2.5 mg - 10 mg P 2 O 5 [61], [97].


Phan Lieu's research has shown other chemical indicators such as: SiO 2 (75

- 90%), Fe 2 O 3 (1.2 - 9.8%), Al 2 O 3 (0.95 - 18.2%), TiO 2 (0.1 - 0.8%), MnO ( 0.006 -

0.136%). Very low absorption capacity (only 3 - 5 lđl/100g) of soil and base saturation fluctuates.

from 40 - 60% [29], [61].

Research by Nguyen Van Toan (2004) showed that there are significant differences between soil types in the coastal sand soil group due to the impact of natural factors and cultivation. Coastal sand soil has a moderate to slightly acidic reaction, the organic content in the surface layer is on average 1.2% and decreases in the next layer (0.8%). Total nitrogen is average (0.03 - 0.06%), total phosphorus is average (0.02 - 0.03%), potassium is very poor (0.5%) [87].

1.2.2.3. Morphology, physical and chemical properties of some types of Vietnamese coastal sand

Red sand dunes

Binh Thuan province

White and yellow sand dunes in Quang Binh province

Typical beach sand of Nghe An province

Symbol: VN 46

Symbol: VN 41

Symbol: VN 25


Figure 1.1. Soil profile of some coastal sandy soils in Vietnam (Source: Vietnam Soil Museum - Institute of Soil and Fertilizer Chemistry)


Table 1.4. Physical and chemical characteristics of red sand dune soil in Binh Thuan province (VN46 profile)


Depth (cm)

Bulk density (g/cm3)

Proportion

Porosity (%)

Humidity (%)

Proportion (%) of grain sizes (mm)

2.0-0.2

0.2-0.02

0.02- 0.002

< 0.002

0- 20

1.48

2.63

44.0

3.65

29.4

67.2

1.7

1.7

20- 35

1.51

2.65

43.0

3.90

24.8

69.1

1.6

4.5

35- 90

1.52

2.64

42.0

5.05

22.6

67.7

0.2

9.5

90- 120

1.43

2.64

46.0

6.08

21.4

67.1

1.0

10.5

Depth (cm)

Total content (%)

Digestible content (mg/100g soil)

pH

OC

N

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

H 2 O

KCl

0- 20

1.43

0.08

0.03

0.15

2.78

3.76

5.1

4.2

20- 35

1.12

0.07

0.03

0.15

3.55

2.76

5.2

4.1

35- 90

0.09

0.05

0.03

0.17

3.23

2.67

5.0

4.0

90- 120

0.29

0.01

0.03

0.15

2.35

2.35

5.0

4.0

Depth (cm)

Cation exchange (lđl/100g soil)

CEC (lđl/100g soil)

BS(%)

Ca 2+

Mg2 +

K +

Na +

Total

Land

Lightning

0- 20

0.53

0.14

0.08

0.01

0.76

1.04

3.35

73.0

20- 35

0.80

0.16

0.08

0.00

1.04

1.20

3087

86.6

35- 90

0.62

0.16

0.08

0.00

0.86

1.12

3.12

76.7

90- 120

0.23

0.07

0.05

0.02

0.37

1.12

3.12

33.0


(Source: Vietnam Soil Museum - Institute of Soil and Fertilizer)


Table 1.5. Physical and chemical characteristics of white-yellow sand dune soil in Quang Binh province (VN41 profile)


Depth (cm)

Dung

weight (g/cm3)

Proportion

Degree

Styrofoam (%)

Degree

humidity (%)

Proportion (%) of grain sizes (mm)

2.0-0.2

0.2-0.02

0.02- 0.002

< 0.002

0- 30

1.31

2.62

50.0

3.1

3.8

96.2

0

0

30- 150

1.35

2.61

48.3

3.2

2.2

97.8

0

0


Depth (cm)

Total content (%)

Digestible content (mg/100g soil)

pH

OC

N

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

H 2 O

KCl

0- 30

0.08

streak

streak

0.02

0.27

3.01

6.3

5.4

30- 150

0.02

streak

streak

0.01

0.32

3.01

6.3

5.3

Depth (cm)

Cation exchange (lđl/100g soil)

CEC (lđl/100g soil)

BS(%)

Ca 2+

Mg2 +

K +

Na +

Total

Land

Lightning

0- 30

0.16

streak

0.06

0.03

0.25

0.80

0.0

31.2

30- 150

0.08

streak

0.06

0.02

0.16

0.48

0.0

33.3


(Source: Vietnam Soil Museum - Institute of Soil and Fertilizer)


Depth (cm)

Bulk density (g/cm3)

Proportion

Porosity (%)

Humidity (%)

Proportion (%) of grain sizes (mm)

2.0-0.2

0.2-0.02

0.02- 0.002

< 0.002

0- 20

1.51

2.65

43.0

24.3

0.4

76.4

11.6

11.6

20- 40

1.40

2.64

47.0

22.3

0.2

71.1

8.7

20.0

40- 90

1.43

2.73

47.6

28.6

1.5

80.3

5.7

12.5

90- 150

1.44

2.68

46.3

31.2

0.1

96.2

1.5

2.2

Depth (cm)

Total content (%)

Digestible content (mg/100g soil)

pH

OC

N

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

P2O5​​​

K2O​​

H 2 O

KCl

0- 20

0.52

0.06

0.10

0.22

5.50

3.76

7.5

6.3

20- 40

0.17

0.02

0.04

0.40

4.25

2.35

7.0

6.2

40- 90

0.09

0.01

0.05

0.51

2.00

2.35

7.9

6.4

90- 150

0.04

0.01

0.06

0.50

3.70

2.35

8.2

6.9

Table 1.6. Physical and chemical characteristics of typical coastal sandy soil in Nghe An province (VN25 profile)




Depth (cm)

Cation exchange (lđl/100g soil)

CEC (lđl/100g soil)

BS(%)


Ca 2+

Mg2 +

K +

Na +

Total

Land

Lightning

0- 20

2.24

0.31

0.08

0.08

2.71

9.00

25.11

30.1

20- 40

2.33

0.23

0.05

0.08

2.69

7.76

19.94

34.6

40- 90

2.44

0.26

0.05

0.08

2.83

5.68

15.85

49.8

90- 150

2.52

0.62

0.05

0.26

3.45

7.04

22.74

49.0

(Source: Vietnam Soil Museum - Institute of Soil and Fertilizer)


1.2.2. Terrain characteristics

According to Phan Lieu's research (1986), Vietnam's coastal sand runs along the country's coastline and has three types of sand tectonic plates with different colors: The terrain that creates yellow sand is widely distributed along the coast and adjacent to modern beaches. It creates mobile sand dunes 20 - 30 m high or more. The average width of the yellow sand strip is about 0.5 - 3 km, but in some places it is up to 7 - 8 km wide (Quang Binh and Hoi An); The white sand terrain is widely distributed along the coast, on the islands and is mainly concentrated in the middle part from the coast of Binh Tri Thien to Binh Thuan. Under the influence of the sea wind blowing from the east, sand dunes with a height of 5 - 7 m have appeared here, the thickness of the sand layer according to survey data is 15 - 20 m deep; The red sand terrain is mainly concentrated in Ninh Thuan province where the rough sand layers are still preserved in the sand mass [61].

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