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Policy Group on Food Availability Assurance

modern agriculture, strengthening rural infrastructure and improving farmers' lives. In 2009, the Government issued Resolution No. 63/2009/NQ-CP to ensure national food security by ensuring adequate food supply, especially rice. This was the first policy document for this purpose.

Thanks to the implementation of policy measures on ensuring food security, from 1986 to present, we have continuously achieved good results in agriculture in general and food security in particular.

Table 3.1: Area and output of grain crops


Year


Total Area (Thousand hectares)


Rice Area (Thousand hectares)


Corn Area (Thousand hectares)

Total Product

quantity

(Thousand tons)

Rice Yield

(Thousand tons)

Corn Production

(Thousand tons)

1990

6,477

6,043

432

19,898

19,225

671

1991

6,753

6.303

448

20,296

19,622

672

1992

6,956

6,475

478

22,343

21,590

748

1993

7,058

6,559

497

23,721

22,837

882

1994

7,136

6,599

535

24,674

23,528

1,144

1995

7,324

6,766

557

26,143

24,964

1,177

1996

7,621

7.004

615

27,936

26,397

1,537

1997

7,768

7,100

663

29,183

27,524

1,651

1998

8,016

7,363

650

30,759

29,146

1,612

1999

8,349

7,654

692

33,150

31,394

1,753

2000

8,399

7,666

730

34,539

32,530

2.006

2001

8,225

7,493

730

34,273

32,108

2,162

2002

8,323

7,504

816

36,961

34,447

2,511

2003

8,367

7,452

913

37,707

34,569

3.136

2004

8,438

7,445

991

39,581

36,149

3,431

2005

8,383

7,329

1,053

39,622

35,833

3,787

2006

8,360

7,325

1,033

39,706

35,850

3,855

2007

8,305

7,207

1,096

40,247

35,943

4.303

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Policy Group on Food Availability Assurance

8,542

7,400

1,140

43,305

38,730

4,573

2009

8,527

7,437

1,089

43,323

38,950

4,372

2010

8,616

7,489

1,126

44,632

40,006

4,626

2011

8,778

7,655

1.121

47,236

42,399

4,836

2012

8,919

7,761

1,157

48,713

43,738

4,974

2013

9,074

7,903

1,170

49,232

44,039

5.191

2014

8,996

7,816

1,179

50,179

44,975

5.202

Preliminary 2015


9,015


7,835


1,179


50,498


45,216


5,281

2008

Source: General Statistics Office

The total area of ​​food cultivation has an increasing trend, from 6,477 thousand hectares in 1990 to 8,438 thousand hectares in 2004 and to 8,996 in 2014 (an increase of 2,519 hectares from 1990 to 2014). The area of ​​rice cultivation increased from 6,043 hectares in 1990 to 7,816 in 2014 (an increase of 1,773 thousand hectares), the area of ​​corn cultivation increased from 432 thousand in 1990 to 1,179 (an increase of 747 thousand hectares). The total food production also increased by 30,281 thousand tons from 19,898 thousand tons in 1990 to 50,179 thousand tons in 2014, of which rice production alone increased by 25,750 thousand tons (2.34 times higher than in 1990).

Ensuring national food security is mainly implemented through the development of the agricultural sector producing food and distributing food to the people through sectoral policies. The objectives of these sectoral policies are set out in a number of documents and plans. Each sectoral policy sets out specific objectives and actions to achieve this objective. If we consider the requirement of ensuring food security as "ensuring that everyone, at all times, can easily access safe food sources to ensure normal life and activities", policies for food security can be classified into the following groups of policies:

(1) The group of policies on ensuring food supply capacity includes:

- Policy on land use planning, area, and types of food crops;

- Policy to support food production.

(2) Policy groups to enhance food access include:

- Labor and employment policy, increasing income;

- Support policies, food subsidies and income subsidies.

- Building food distribution channels.

(3) Policy group to enhance food safety and hygiene.

(4) Policies to cope with food crises.

3.1.1. Policy group on ensuring food supply capacity


3.1.1.1. Land use planning policy, area, and types of food crops

In agriculture, it can be said that land is the most important factor and therefore receives great attention from the Vietnamese government. The basic content of the current agricultural land policy of the Vietnamese State is reflected in the agricultural land ownership regime, the State's land price policy, the agricultural land accumulation and concentration policy, the agricultural land tax policy and the compensation policy when reclaiming agricultural land. The land ownership regime of Vietnam is divided into ownership rights and use rights. Land ownership rights belong to the State (representing the entire people). The State plays both the role of a public administrative management agency for land and the role of land owner, has the right to decide to reclaim land use rights of farmers, change the purpose of agricultural land use and allocate agricultural land that has been converted to the purpose of use to organizations and individuals who are not farmers, and regulate the price of reclaiming agricultural land. The right to use agricultural land belongs to farmers but is limited to using land for agricultural purposes only, farmers are not allowed to arbitrarily change the purpose of land use to other areas. The goal of these policies is to ensure the rational use and management of land in general. In the agricultural sector, the State issues regulations on land use planning. The following documents can be mentioned:

Land Law: After 1986, the Land Law was first promulgated in 1987, defining: “Land is owned by the entire people and is uniformly managed by the State. The State allocates land to farms, forestry farms, enterprises, people's armed forces units, state agencies, social organizations and individuals for stable and long-term use”. In 1993, the new Land Law replaced the 1987 Land Law, stipulating that “land is owned by the entire people and land use rights belong to land users”. In 2003, the 1993 Land Law was replaced by the 2003 Land Law, inheriting the provisions of the 1993 Land Law and expanding the rights of agricultural land users, including households and individuals, including issues such as the land use term for agricultural land for annual crops is 20 years, for land for perennial crops is 50 years; The limit for allocation of land for annual crops, aquaculture, and salt production to each household or individual shall not exceed 3 hectares for each type of land. The limit for allocation of land for perennial crops to each household or individual shall not exceed 10 hectares for communes, wards, and towns in the plains; and not exceed 30 hectares for communes, wards, and towns in the midlands and mountainous areas. In cases where a household or individual is allocated many types of land including land for annual crops, aquaculture, and salt production, the total limit for land allocation shall not exceed 5 hectares. The Law also expands the limit for receiving land use rights transfers of households and individuals to meet the requirements for land accumulation for agricultural production in a modern direction in accordance with the agricultural and rural development policy. Households and individuals are allowed to accumulate larger areas (not exceeding 10 times the limit for agricultural land allocation). The law specifically and fully regulates land acquisition, compensation, and resettlement support to ensure openness, transparency, and the rights of people whose land is acquired, while effectively addressing cases of land acquisition that are not put into use, causing waste, while farmers have no land for production. This law also regulates cases of conversion of agricultural land use purpose to non-agricultural land in Article 36, accordingly, when converting agricultural land to non-agricultural land

Agricultural land must obtain permission from competent authorities and fulfill financial obligations to the State. Land for annual agricultural crops that is not used for 12 months or more will be recovered according to Article 38 of the 2013 Land Law.

In 1993, the Government issued Decree No. 64/CP dated September 27, 1993 on the allocation of agricultural land to households for stable and long-term use for agricultural production purposes. This Decree determined the land areas allocated for agricultural production purposes, the duration and area of ​​allocation. In October 2001, the Government issued Decree No. 68/2001/ND-CP, which stated the provisions on the authority and bases for making land use plans and projects.

The 13th National Assembly issued Resolution No. 17/2011/QH13 dated November 22, 2011 on Land Use Planning to 2020 and the National 5-year Land Use Plan (2011-2015). Accordingly, by 2020, the agricultural land area of ​​the whole country will be 26.732 million hectares, the rice growing land area will be 3.812 million hectares (14.26%), the land area specializing in growing wet rice with 2 or more crops will be 3.222 million hectares (12.1%).

In 2012, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 124/QD-TTg dated February 2, 2012 on approving the Master Plan for Agricultural Production Development to 2020 and Vision to 2030. Accordingly, by 2020, the agricultural land area in 2020 is 9.59 million hectares, of which rice land is 3.812 million hectares. Thus, there are differences between the two land planning documents of the National Assembly and the Government when determining the total agricultural land area but the rice growing area is still the same.

Decision No. 432/QD-TTg dated April 12, 2012 on the sustainable development strategy for the period 2011-2020 puts ensuring food security in the priority orientation: "Ensuring food security on the basis of protecting 3.8 million hectares of rice land, ensuring food supply, nutritional needs and people's access to food".

Decree No. 42/2012/ND-CP dated November 5, 2012 stipulates the management and use of rice-growing land in rice-growing areas nationwide. This Decree also mentions the conditions and authority to change the purpose of rice-growing land. In addition, the Decree also mentions the level of cash support to protect and develop rice-growing land: Support of 500,000 VND/ha/year for organizations, households and individuals producing rice on land specializing in wet rice cultivation and 100,000 VND/ha/year on other rice-growing land except for upland rice land that is self-expanded without planning. For cases of damage caused by natural disasters, epidemics or cases of land reclamation and land improvement for agricultural purposes, this Decree also provides support levels based on the cost ratio.

Resolution 63/NQ-CP dated December 23, 2009 on ensuring national food security has included planning for rice and other food land as the main tasks and solutions that need to be implemented: “By 2020, protect the rice land fund of 3.8 million hectares to have an output of 41 - 43 million tons of rice to meet the total domestic consumption demand and export about 4 million tons of rice/year; increase the corn growing area to 1.3 million hectares, output of 7.5 million tons; the fruit growing area to 1.2 million hectares, output of 12 million tons; vegetables of all kinds to 1.2 million hectares, output of 20 million tons”.

In 2015, the Government continued to issue Decree No. 35/2015/ND-CP dated April 13, 2015 on management and use of rice-growing land, replacing Decree No. 42/2012/ND-CP dated May 11, 2012 on management and use of rice-growing land, which took effect from July 1, 2015. Decree 35/2015/ND-CP has changes in the support level compared to Decree 42/2012/ND-CP. Specifically: increasing the support level from VND 500,000 to VND 1,000,000/ha/year for land specializing in wet rice cultivation and from VND 100,000 to VND 500,000/ha/year for other rice-growing land, except for upland rice land that is spontaneously expanded without following the planning and land use plan for rice cultivation. In the case of reclaimed land, according to the previous Decree, support will be based on the cost ratio that organizations, individuals and households have spent, but according to the new Decree, cash support will be 10,000,000 VND.

VND/ha of rice land, support of VND 5,000,000/ha for rice land converted from single-crop rice land or other agricultural land.

The general focus of the above policies is to ensure the use of land for food cultivation according to government orientation, mainly rice, to ensure food self-sufficiency. The policy's goal is to maintain 3.8 million hectares of rice land to ensure the output of 41 to 32 million tons of rice to meet domestic demand and export about 4 million tons of rice/year, in addition to increasing the area and output of other food crops and vegetables. The Land Law also stipulates the responsibility of authorities at all levels in protecting agricultural land by stipulating that when farmers want to change the purpose of land use, they must ask for permission from competent authorities. This contributes to controlling the urbanization process. Some main contents of this policy include: minimizing the conversion of land specialized in rice cultivation to non-agricultural purposes except for national defense, security, national interests, public interests and must be approved. Proposing plans to support and encourage the reclamation, protection and development of rice land. Support farmers when rice is damaged by natural diseases, support for land reclamation and improvement.

3.1.1.2. Policy to support food production


In order to maintain food supply, it is necessary to increase production level and apply science and technology. Currently, Vietnam's food production is oriented not only to meet domestic consumption and export needs. Therefore, this group of policies aims to increase production level, apply science and technology, promote mechanization, irrigation, and chemicalization.

Typical of this group of policies are policies aimed at developing infrastructure for agricultural production, including irrigation systems, road systems, and investment in agricultural scientific research. Some policy documents on agricultural infrastructure in general and rice production in particular

Specifically: Decree No. 32/2001/PL-UBTVQH10 dated April 4, 2001 on exploitation and protection of irrigation works; Decision No. 1590/QD-TTg dated October 9, 2009 on approving the strategy for developing irrigation in Vietnam. These policies aim to strengthen the irrigation system to regulate water volume, consolidate dykes, and serve the needs of people and production in general. The National Target Program on New Rural Construction for the period 2016 - 2020 approved by the Government also includes the content of Infrastructure Development in Content No. 02: Completing the intra-field irrigation system. By 2020, 77% of communes will meet criterion No. 3 on irrigation.

The agricultural extension system is organized from the central to local levels with the function of providing technical guidance, organizing training courses on transferring scientific and technical advances in agricultural production, knowledge of safe production, agricultural cooperatives, etc. However, the most important are still agricultural extension activities carried out by agricultural extension centers and agricultural extension officers at all levels. Short-term training courses to train farmers' skills are organized regularly and periodically according to the plans of the localities. Documents and information on agricultural production are provided to communes and wards, and disseminated to farmers through farmers' associations and cooperatives. Currently, all 63 provinces and centrally-run cities have agricultural extension centers or agricultural extension - fisheries extension centers.

During the period 1992 - 2008, the F1 hybrid rice production extension program guided and transferred hybrid seed production technology through models to farmers in 26 provinces and cities. The F1 hybrid rice area increased from 173ha (in 1992) to 1,500ha in 2006-2008, and seed yield from 300kg/ha (1992) to 2,500kg/ha in 2000. The cost of domestic seeds is 60% compared to imported seeds, self-sufficient in about 25% of hybrid rice seed demand.

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