Research Group on Social Insurance Financial Policy

of countries around the world, on financial principles and social insurance financial systems, characteristics and financial systems suitable for short-term and long-term social insurance regimes... These are basic theoretical contents that form the basis for the construction and implementation of social insurance in countries around the world.

Due to the differences in demographics, life expectancy, labor market characteristics, government views, etc. in each country, the studies of experts from the ILO, the World Bank, and the International Social Security Association (ISSA) on social insurance finance in Asia and Vietnam are important in the process of social insurance finance management. Unlike the above-mentioned study by the ILO which is of a general theoretical nature, in the book “Social Insurance of ASEAN and Pacific Countries, 2008” , the International Social Security Association has highlighted the outstanding features of social insurance in ASEAN and Pacific countries, including all related contents: sources of social insurance fund formation, contribution levels of participants, social insurance regimes implemented and the content of each regime in each country [27]. In particular, this study by ISSA helps scientists have the most comprehensive overview of the types of social insurance implemented by financial service providers such as: compulsory personal accounts, savings funds, and employer liability systems. Each country in the ASEAN and Pacific region, for each regime, in each certain stage of the economy, can use different methods of the above financial services. From a management perspective, financial services will affect the management method of social insurance. For example, if a country chooses to collect social insurance through a personal account, it means that each employee participating in social insurance will have an account similar to an ATM account. Every month, when the employee receives a salary, the social insurance will automatically deduct the social insurance contribution of each employee. The employer's contribution is also paid directly to the social insurance fund through the enterprise's account. This management method helps managers overcome the situation where employers deduct social insurance contributions from employees' salaries but do not pay them to the social insurance agency, affecting employees' rights.

The ILO study “Social security and rule of law” published at the 100th Geneva conference in 2011 affirmed: “ The right to participate in social insurance in international law and the approach to social insurance towards basic human rights...” [63]. The issue of social security is considered as a human right and is

The legality of social insurance has been mentioned in national constitutions since the end of World War I, when social rights were first established in the constitutions of Russia, Mexico, and Germany's Weimar Republic. The study identifies three levels of legality in social insurance: coverage, policy implementation, and service quality.

Regarding the enforcement of social insurance law, it is indispensable to have the State's supervision and inspection process, and the implementation methods (including general principles and newly applied methods) in cases of non-participation in social insurance, evasion of payment and fraud in social insurance.

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Regarding the State supervision process, social insurance organizations in countries around the world are supervised at different levels by the Government. Normally, the Government will assign a government agency to directly manage the social insurance organization. However, in some countries, social insurance organizations are supervised by many different agencies. For example, in Sri Lanka, the fund for employees working in the administrative and career sectors is managed by the Ministry of Labor, the remaining funds are controlled by the central bank. In Chile, social insurance regimes are divided into three groups with similar characteristics, respectively managed by three different agencies under the Government. On the contrary, in some countries such as the United Republic of Tanzania, supervision is carried out by an organization independent of the Government that is private or semi-private in nature. The tool for these organizations to carry out supervision activities is audit documents. Through the method of surprise or periodic inspection by two agencies, the labor inspectorate and the social insurance system itself, fraud in social insurance will be detected.

Regarding the implementation process, the implementation methods of countries with many new methods applied creatively can be lessons for countries in the process of perfecting the management and implementation of social insurance policies such as Vietnam. With the goal of how to promote compliance with social insurance laws by both employees and employers, Canada's experience is to focus on preventive measures such as inspections and audits, training, and advertising campaigns to raise awareness; Chile's experience is to publicly announce businesses that commit not to commit violations in the field of social insurance through the channel " Boletín de Infractores Laborales y Previsionales " [61].

An unsolved problem in the financial management of social insurance in Vietnam today is the lack of a complete database of social insurance participants, in other words, social insurance collection is based on the active registration of participants. This directly affects the results of social insurance collection as well as the payment and investment of social insurance funds. This ILO study has shown how Italy controls the database of participants by using smart management tools such as creating risk maps and allocating specific management resources to the fight against social insurance non-declaration. In 2009, the Italian institute for managing disability insurance programs INAIL managed 12,000 new insurance registrations, and recovered unpaid insurance premiums of about €27 million. With the same goal of combating social insurance fraud, the UK has set up a toll-free hotline for people to report social insurance fraud, and the US allows anyone to fill in an online system with information about people suspected of fraud. Another measure adopted by many countries is to strengthen close coordination between security organizations, tax authorities, labor inspectorates, police, customs and immigration services. For example, in Montenegro, a project called “ Unified registration and collection of taxes and contributions ” from March 1, 2010 allows the country to integrate all current registrations including taxes and social insurance contributions into one. These achievements are a testament to the effectiveness of a proactive approach in the fight against social insurance evasion and fraud [71].

The above analysis in the ILO study is general in nature and can guide the financial management of countries through the legal system. However, this is a general theoretical study and cannot be directly applied to the actual conditions of Vietnam. For example, Italy's experience in managing the subjects eligible for participation. Vietnam has not yet grasped the number of employees eligible for participation but does not have an identification code for each employee and an information system that allows employees to control their own social insurance participation process. Therefore, the situation of employees having their rights violated such as not being allowed to participate in social insurance, participating at a lower level, and having their social insurance contributions appropriated by employers is still common. Although

Therefore, the application of smart management tools in Italy faces major obstacles from policies, infrastructure conditions, and implementation organization.

Through studying the methods and experiences of organizing and implementing social insurance in countries around the world, especially countries with economic conditions and demographic characteristics similar to Vietnam, it is important in the process of promulgating and implementing policies. However, this study is a synthesis of practical experience in implementing and content of social insurance regimes in European, American or ASEAN and Pacific countries without going into depth about social insurance financial policies.

1.2. Group of research works on social insurance financial policy

Social insurance finance is a term in the financial category that refers to a financial link that exists independently in the national financial system. Social insurance finance participates in the process of using financial resources to ensure the lives of workers and their families when they encounter risks, thereby ensuring stability and socio-economic development. Thus, in a broader sense, social insurance finance is the use of social insurance finance as a social management tool of the State. The State, through social insurance finance activities, implements the social management goal of ensuring people's lives against risks that reduce or lose their ability to work or when they retire, helping workers feel secure in their work and production, contributing to promoting production development. Social insurance demonstrates the superiority of each country and each social institution. In a narrow sense, social insurance finance is the management of social insurance revenue and expenditure. Thus, social insurance finance is mainly related to how the collection and expenditure of the social insurance fund are carried out normally in the face of environmental fluctuations. The fluctuations here are the fluctuations in the participants, beneficiaries, fluctuations in the living environment, economic environment... fluctuations that directly affect the lives of workers, the collection and expenditure of the Social Insurance Fund, and affect the investment and growth of the Social Insurance Fund.

In Vietnam in recent years, the issue of social insurance management aiming at achieving high efficiency in implementing social insurance financial policies has been studied by domestic scientists and managers. Most of the studies refer to social insurance financial policies, including

There are policies for establishing social insurance funds, policies for using social insurance funds, policies for balancing and investing in the growth of social insurance funds.

1.2.1. Studies on policies to mobilize social insurance financial resources

The ministerial-level scientific topic " Scientific basis for perfecting the social insurance collection management process " chaired by Dr. Duong Xuan Trieu in 2000 studied and perfected the social insurance collection management process. In this topic, the author proposed measures for social insurance collection management suitable for social insurance participants. Through studying the social insurance collection experience of some countries such as Japan, Indonesia, the US, Singapore and the current status of social insurance collection management in Vietnam over time, the author proposed a number of solutions to perfect the social insurance collection management process such as: Perfecting social insurance collection processes including collection levels, minimum wages, and registration of workers participating in social insurance; perfecting the social insurance collection process according to each type of social insurance participant; applying social insurance collection management using technology [16]. The content of this topic mainly focuses on the operational activities of agencies implementing social insurance policies.

In the doctoral thesis “ Improving the social insurance collection mechanism in Vietnam ”, author Pham Truong Giang (2010) systematized the basic theoretical issues on the social insurance collection mechanism, studied the coordination between departments in the social insurance collection system to discover the shortcomings and inadequacies. Based on the analysis of the current situation of social insurance collection in Vietnam, the thesis proposed solutions to improve the social insurance collection mechanism in Vietnam. Thus, the research object of this thesis is the social insurance collection mechanism. The research scope of the thesis is the compulsory social insurance type in the period from 2004 to 2008 [43]. Therefore, the research data of the thesis is outdated and the solutions proposed by the author may no longer be suitable in the current period.

Author Nguyen Thi Hao (2015) with the doctoral thesis " Financial assurance for Vietnam Social Insurance " pointed out the concept of financial assurance for social insurance from the perspective of political economy and explained the content of financial assurance for social insurance including the following issues: ensuring revenue; ensuring expenditure; ensuring the maintenance of balance and stability of the social insurance fund in the long term; ensuring fairness for social insurance participants. The thesis has provided a system of evaluation criteria.

Financial assurance for social insurance includes: coverage of the system; compliance with social insurance; benefit level of employees classified by social insurance regime, economic sector and gender; financial sustainability of social insurance. The thesis also provides conditions for financial assurance for social insurance including: the role of the State in social insurance; choosing a suitable social insurance model; resolving the relationship between social insurance finance and the state budget, corporate finance, household finance and financial intermediaries. To ensure financial assurance for Vietnam Social Insurance, the thesis proposes 8 solutions, in which new solutions focus on tasks such as: Building a legal system on social insurance; Basic orientation for social insurance financial activities; Carrying out inspection, examination and supervision of social insurance financial activities; Protecting and sponsoring social insurance activities to ensure that social insurance is not affected by socio-economic fluctuations, especially financial fluctuations; Developing widely the voluntary social insurance type, creating conditions for all people from all economic sectors to participate,...[31]. Thus, the research scope of this thesis is not only the compulsory social insurance type but also the voluntary social insurance type, unemployment insurance. The proposed solutions have not gone into the financial policies of social insurance in Vietnam.

1.2.2. Studies on policies for using social insurance financial resources

In the ministerial-level research topic " Current status and orientation for improving the current payment of social insurance regimes " chaired by Dr. Duong Xuan Trieu in 1996, he outlined theoretical issues on social insurance and social insurance funds. Analyzing the current status of social insurance payment activities in Vietnam in the period of 1995-1996 through analyzing aspects such as: Facilities serving payment, management of payment subjects. At the same time, through analyzing social insurance payment methods, the author pointed out the advantages and disadvantages of each payment method. From there, the author made recommendations to improve the payment of social insurance regimes for employees such as: Completing regulations related to management of subjects, financial management, creating a legal corridor for social insurance at all levels to have a basis for implementation; building a system of social insurance payment organization from the central to the grassroots level, calculating the payment fee between

more reasonable regions and areas; strengthen financial inspection and supervision in professional operations [15].

The research topic " Improving the social insurance payment regulations " chaired by Dr. Tran Duc Nghieu in 2005 has compiled quite a lot of legal documents related to the social insurance payment regulations. In this topic, the author has presented quite specific contents on pension payment, monthly social insurance benefits, one-time social insurance benefits payment, sick leave, maternity and convalescence benefits payment, pension payment process, monthly social insurance benefits payment process, one-time benefit payment process. The topic has mentioned the advantages and limitations of the current process of social insurance payment management, thereby proposing remedial measures. However, this topic has only focused on researching the process of social insurance payment management and only studied compulsory social insurance [47].

Doctoral thesis of Nguyen Thi Chinh (2010) with the topic " Improving the organization and payment of social insurance regimes ". In this thesis, the author clarified theoretical issues related to the organization and payment of social insurance regimes for employees. Analyzing the current situation of the system of organization and payment of social insurance regimes for employees in Vietnam. In the payment of social insurance, the thesis analyzed and drew out the remaining problems such as: There are still errors in the payment plan, slow settlement reports, lack of in-depth guidance and inspection, lack of means of transportation and storage of cash, information network has not been covered in all provinces, low payment fees, and a number of employers have not fulfilled their responsibility to pay social insurance for employees... thereby affecting the payment activities and benefits of social insurance beneficiaries. Based on the above limitations, the author of the thesis has proposed solutions to improve the payment system of social insurance regimes in Vietnam in the following years [35]. Thus, this research work of author Nguyen Thi Chinh only stops at studying issues related to the organization of social insurance payment activities without mentioning other activities such as social insurance fund investment activities or social insurance fund balance.

1.2.3. Studies on investment policies to increase social insurance funds

In the doctoral thesis of author Vu Thanh Hung (1999) with the topic " Solutions to improve the efficiency of pension insurance activities in Vietnam " has systematized theoretical issues on social insurance and pension insurance regime, sources of formation and payment of pension insurance regime. The need to improve the efficiency of pension insurance activities. The thesis also provides a number of models to evaluate the sustainability and efficiency of pension insurance funds, factors affecting pension insurance finances. Based on the analysis of the current situation of pension insurance funds in Vietnam in the period of 1995 - 1998, the thesis has proposed a number of solutions to improve the efficiency of pension insurance fund investment such as: perfecting and improving the efficiency of social insurance collection to ensure correct, sufficient and timely collection for units and individuals participating in social insurance; effectively organizing the process of paying pensions and other expenses related to retirees; Manage and ensure the safety and development of the pension insurance fund; develop and perfect the collection plan to form a pension fund sufficient to cover all costs for the pension regime; strengthen financial analysis and forecasting, especially financial appraisal of the fund's investment plans; strengthen management and supervision of the pension insurance fund's growth investment mechanism [54].

The doctoral thesis of author Nguyen Trong Than (2004) with the topic " Solutions to improve the efficiency of investment from social insurance funds in Vietnam " has also systematized theoretical issues on the nature of social insurance funds and social insurance fund organization models. In this thesis, the author has comprehensively assessed the process of establishing and using social insurance funds in Vietnam, quantifying the use of funds in social insurance fund investment activities. Thereby, the author has built viewpoints and solutions to improve the efficiency of social insurance fund investment. The research results of author Nguyen Trong Than on the one hand contribute to the completion of theoretical and practical issues on social insurance financial investment and the efficiency of social insurance financial investment, the thesis also contributes scientific ideas to build a system of legal institutions related to financial activities of the social insurance industry, social insurance financial investment strategies in the market economy conditions in Vietnam [29].

In the doctoral thesis of author Trinh Hong Son (2015) with the research topic " Improving the investment efficiency of Vietnam Social Security Fund ", he provided the theoretical and practical basis for the investment efficiency of Vietnam Social Security Fund in the period 2008 - 2014, pointed out the achieved results and existing limitations; analyzed

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