Ministry of Education and Training Coordinates with the General Department of Vocational Training in Educating and Training Workers

The country to work. Must proactively learn about the state's policies and regulations on sending workers to work abroad, proactively handle and protect themselves from arising problems, and be responsible for their actions in labor relations abroad. At the same time, workers must be responsible for complying with state regulations, not breaking contracts that affect the reputation of Vietnamese workers, and raising their sense of responsibility to the community. If violated, they must compensate the company for damages and be strictly handled before the law.

Thus, to implement education and training innovation closely linked with creating human resources for labor export, improving the competitiveness of Vietnamese labor in the world market, there needs to be coordination between relevant agencies:

3.2.1. The Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs improves the ability to forecast labor demand domestically and in the international market; on that basis, invest appropriately in labor training in general and laborers working abroad in particular.

The State needs to encourage all economic sectors to participate in labor training. At the same time, the State must directly invest in a number of labor training facilities according to national standards to serve as a pillar for creating labor resources.

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3.2.2. The Ministry of Education and Training coordinates with the General Department of Vocational Training in educating and training workers.

- Design education and training programs that combine general education with vocational training and foreign languages from the beginning of the process to ensure that students can both study at a higher level and participate in the domestic and foreign labor market.

Right from general education, it is necessary to define the goal: equipping students with necessary foreign language, cultural, legal and professional knowledge so that they can continue to study at university, college, vocational high school and learn a trade to work in the country or go to work abroad. Only by designing and implementing the content

If the general education training program follows the above objectives, education

- New training creates the premise for workers to quickly and conveniently access the foreign labor market.

- Focus on improving professional skills and foreign languages, training industrial working style and awareness of law compliance for employees.

To achieve this, it is necessary to determine appropriate training content and programs, issue sets of vocational training quality standards and organize training quality assessment according to regional standards. The content of the training program for overseas laborers must closely follow the short-term and long-term labor needs of the international labor market; in which attention must be paid to training practical skills.

- Enhance the independence and self-responsibility of employees; limit and fundamentally overcome the situation of employees violating contracts.

Workers are both the object and the subject of labor export. Workers can find jobs on their own in the international labor market or through labor export enterprises. To have stable jobs and high income, workers must constantly study and practice to improve their capacity for self-responsibility and independence in the international market. Especially, to end the situation of violating contracts and illegally fleeing and residing in the country receiving labor export.

3.2.3. The Department of Overseas Labor Management, the General Department of Vocational Training and labor export enterprises closely coordinate in implementing the "Pilot project on vocational training for workers going to work abroad under the ordering and bidding mechanism"

Accordingly, the Department of Overseas Labor Management is responsible for selecting labor export enterprises that meet the criteria of the Project and the General Department of Vocational Training will introduce vocational schools within its management scope (in charge of vocational training for workers). Labor export enterprises with orders to recruit workers in occupations suitable to the Project commit to vocational training institutions to send trained workers abroad.

The Overseas Labor Management Department has approved contracts allowing 7 labor export enterprises to participate in the "Pilot Project on vocational training for workers going to work abroad under the ordering and bidding mechanism" in 2009 in the two fields of construction and nursing. These are Vinaconex Mec, Sona, Viet Thang, Airseco, Oleco, Glo-Tech and LOD. Thus, the subjects receiving support from the Project are still limited to a number of industries and a number of markets. The Department of Overseas Labor Management needs to study and consider expanding the subjects receiving support for overseas labor training under the "Pilot project on vocational training for workers going to work abroad under the ordering and bidding mechanism" in some markets that are in need of receiving workers in large numbers and regularly, such as nursing (caregiver) workers going to Taiwan, factory workers going to Malaysia... Currently, many "quotas" for labor export in high-income markets such as Portugal, Australia, South Korea and some European countries are still vacant because workers do not meet the requirements on skills and foreign language proficiency. Therefore, when implementing the project, the Department of Overseas Labor Management also needs to have preferential policies for markets with high income, good working conditions, requiring high skills that we have not yet met, such as industrial welding to Australia, Portugal, South Korea... and some service industries such as bakers, chefs going to Australia, New Zealand...

3.2.4. Local labor export steering committees in poor districts need to cooperate more closely and enthusiastically with labor export enterprises to create conditions for enterprises to effectively carry out local resource creation work.

For the “Project to support poor districts to promote labor export to contribute to sustainable poverty reduction in the period 2009 - 2010”, the coordination between localities and enterprises in the stage of propaganda and mobilization of local children to work abroad is very important because the workers themselves are from poor households and ethnic minority households, so they still have some limitations in terms of qualifications, health and psychological reluctance to go far. However, in the process of implementing this Project, in some localities, the government has not really

involved, but left it to the enterprises, not continuing to deploy to the grassroots, so people lack information about the state's support policies to participate as in Phu Tho and Thanh Hoa. In addition, the number of workers who quit during the training process and do not continue to participate is relatively high, about 18% [68].

The Thanh Hoa Provincial Labor Export Steering Committee has not been closely monitoring the implementation of Project 71, so many violations have occurred in the recruitment and training of poor laborers to work abroad in Thuong Xuan district in the recent past [106].

With the "support" of the People's Committee of Thuong Xuan district, as well as the indifference of the Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs of Thanh Hoa province, although the Department of Overseas Labor Management (Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs) did not appraise the order to allow the recruitment of workers according to Decision 71 of the Prime Minister, the two companies VILACO Thanh Hoa and GMAS Thanh Hoa still brazenly entered Thuong Xuan district to recruit workers under the poor district program and charged higher fees than the regulations.

According to the regulations of the Ministry of Labor, poor district workers going to Malaysia can only borrow a maximum of 25 million VND/worker for all occupations (See Appendix 4), but the cost statistics table of 24 workers in Luan Khe commune shows that the loan amount of many workers is higher than the ceiling: 19 people borrowed 40 million, 4 people borrowed 30 million VND, only Ms. Lang Thi Hong in Ngoc Tra village borrowed below the ceiling with 20 million VND. Workers have borrowed money from the Social Policy Bank for 3 to 5 months, 22 workers have been given 3 months of foreign language study by GMAS Thanh Hoa company but still cannot fly, while the cost of departure for each worker borrowed from the district Social Policy Bank is from 30 - 45 million VND/person. According to the cost statistics table of 24 workers going to Malaysia in Luan Khe commune, it also shows that only 4 workers have time to study at VILACO Thanh Hoa company within 30 days, 8 people have time to study within 4-7 days, the rest are not specifically recorded. In the case of Mr. Luong Van Dung in Mo village, Luan Khe commune, who registered to go to Malaysia,

lai-xia-a but in the labor recruitment confirmation paper signed by VILACO company and deposited with the Social Policy Bank of Thuong Xuan district, he registered for a loan to go to the Middle East. Accordingly, Mr. Dung had to pay 7,500,000 VND for 3G - 6G vocational training at a vocational school, but in reality, the company only allowed him to study the language for 2 months in Thanh Hoa city.

3.3. Minimize labor export costs and improve the credit system for lending capital to labor export workers.

- Promote the linkage model between labor export enterprises and local authorities to reduce intermediate selection steps, contributing to reducing costs for workers.

Before 2002, Vietnam sent less than 40,000 workers to work abroad each year, while the demand for workers to work abroad was very high. Workers did not have enough information about the demand for labor export from enterprises, and local authorities and organizations did not realize the benefits of labor export for poverty reduction and job creation in the locality, so they did not pay attention to this work. This situation led to difficulties for labor export enterprises in recruiting workers, while workers who wanted to work abroad did not know where to contact, and were scammed and illegally collected money by organizations and individuals without the function. To solve this situation, the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs reported to the government and piloted a model of cooperation between labor export enterprises and local authorities and organizations in the two provinces of Hai Duong and Phu Tho. After a period of successful implementation, at the end of 2002, the linkage model was expanded to other provinces and widely deployed nationwide. Up to now, over 50 provinces and cities have organized the linkage model and established the Steering Committee for Labor Export. Many provinces and cities have also established the Steering Committee for Labor Export at the district and commune levels. Up to this point, it can be affirmed that the linkage model for labor export has been very effective in promoting exports in general and in localities in particular. The process of implementing the linkage model for labor export has increased

Raising awareness among people about the benefits of labor export and laborers for job creation, poverty reduction and local economic development, and the responsibility of authorities at all levels in labor export activities. On the part of laborers, they have been selected by enterprises, not through intermediaries, so costs are reduced, favorable conditions are created and they are supported to work abroad. Enterprises have selected qualified laborers, meeting the requirements of partners, contributing to improving the competitiveness of Vietnamese laborers and enterprises. Labor selection is managed relatively tightly.

However, there are still some problems in the implementation process. Some consulting and selecting enterprises recruit too many workers compared to the demand, so the progress of sending workers abroad is slow, causing negative impacts on the psychology of workers and the local labor export movement. Many enterprises do not report the selection results to the locality, causing difficulties for management and implementation of local export support policies.

There is a situation where many consulting and labor recruitment enterprises in the same locality do not coordinate, have different recruitment policies, and even compete unfairly with each other. Some localities have also caused many obstacles for enterprises and laborers. Many localities require enterprises to have a letter of introduction from the Department, some localities only accept the letter of introduction from the Department for a certain period of time, then request a new letter of introduction. That has created additional administrative procedures, causing difficulties for enterprises.

Many localities have policies to support funding for policy-based workers and poor households, but the procedures for workers to receive support money are complicated and time-consuming. As for local banks, they often require businesses to open accounts at their banks to ensure the repayment of loans to workers. This has caused difficulties for businesses, because they cannot open accounts in all localities.

In order for the linkage model to be effective and contribute to promoting labor export, it is necessary to innovate and perfect the linkage model in labor export in the direction of cutting down on procedures that cause inconvenience to businesses and workers, and managing well the selection activities to connect businesses with localities more closely.

- Promote trade promotion activities for labor export to contribute to reducing costs for labor export enterprises.

In general, countries in the Southeast Asian region that send workers to work abroad all attach importance to finding foreign markets for their workers. Although in these countries the role of labor export enterprises is very important in finding jobs for workers, the state does not leave it entirely to them but supports research and market development at the national level through measures such as: sending delegations abroad in conjunction with diplomatic agencies to research the market; advertising and marketing labor; participating in international seminars and conferences on immigration to find markets; connecting and negotiating to sign bilateral and multilateral agreements on labor supply; setting up websites to introduce their workers to foreign partners or directly inviting foreign partners to see the quality of their workers. The state's systematic investment in research and development of the international labor market as above will help businesses comprehensively grasp labor needs, general quality levels, and specific characteristics of each market, thereby having the right direction for training and signing contracts with employers.

- Effectively implement capital lending for employees

Continue to promote credit policies from national capital sources managed by the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs and can be mobilized such as the National Employment Fund, the Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction Fund, lending to policy beneficiaries with preferential interest rates. Banks also need to be more flexible in lending policies, and should be divided into two types of markets: Low cost - low income and high cost - high income to quantify the loan level appropriately, creating maximum conditions.

for enterprises and workers. Banks have mechanisms for local government agencies and social organizations to guarantee part of the loan capital by credit for social subjects working abroad. There needs to be a risk handling mechanism suitable for borrowers who are poor households and policy subjects. Banks that provide credit to the poor need to expand the policy subjects who can borrow capital to go abroad such as demobilized soldiers and workers in poor areas (in addition to the 9 provinces that have piloted the implementation of Project 71).

The reality of labor export activities shows that some localities have implemented very effective labor export loan activities such as Bac Giang, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Tuyen Quang... The coastal fishing village of Cuong Gian (Nghi Xuan, Yen Gian, Ha Tinh) has done well in the fact that families with children working abroad send money back home to support other families working abroad after borrowing capital with low interest rates [76]. In 2008, approximately 100% of 2,700 households in Cuong Gian had children working abroad. In 2007, the amount of money sent back by workers to their relatives was nearly 60 billion VND. Therefore, families in Cuong Gian who want to send their children to work abroad can easily mobilize several hundred million VND in a day. The Tuyen Quang Women's Union has effectively implemented loan activities and established the "Women's Credit - Savings" group. The Associations at all levels have signed agreements with the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development and the Bank for Social Policies on the implementation of entrusted loans for poor households and policy households, actively exploiting domestic capital sources and international organizations to support women in economic development, hunger eradication and poverty reduction, including labor export activities [86]. In Lang Giang district, Bac Giang, families in difficulty when participating in labor export are supported at the level of 500,000 VND/person for families of war invalids, sick soldiers and martyrs, and 400,000 VND/person for families of poor households. Families not falling into these two categories will be supported.

300,000 VND/person. Mass organizations such as veterans, youth, and women also stand up to help households borrow capital for overseas labor. In 2007, Lang

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