Management, Management of Moral Education Activities

In general, the above research topics focus on determining the content of moral education, orienting moral values, and measures for moral education for high school students. In particular, there is currently no research topic on measures to manage moral education activities for private high school students in general and Van Hien High School students in particular. Therefore, the author chose the topic " Managing moral education activities for students at Van Hien High School, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi City " with the hope that this is a necessary inheritance of previous studies and contributes more efforts and application of the educational management theory system to contribute to improving the quality of moral education for students at Van Hien High School, as well as private high schools in Hanoi.

1.2. Some basic concepts

1.2.1. Ethics and moral education

* Morality:

Ethics is a form of social consciousness. " Ethics are standards and principles recognized by public opinion, regulating human behavior and relationships with each other and with society" [26, p.297].

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According to authors Pham Khac Chuong and Ha Nhat Thang: "Ethics is a form of social consciousness thanks to which people consciously adjust their behavior to suit human interests and social progress in the relationship between people, between individuals and society" [9, p.4].

From a philosophical perspective, ethics is one of the earliest forms of social consciousness, including principles, rules, and standards that regulate human behavior in relations with others and with the community. Based on these rules, people evaluate each person's behavior and dignity through concepts of good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, and honor [ 17, p.145].

From the perspective of Ethics, ethics is a special form of social consciousness that includes a system of viewpoints, concepts, rules, principles, and social norms [ 17, p12].

From the perspective of Education, morality is an aspect of personality, including a system of concepts about good, evil, good, bad... in the relationship between people [ 17, pp.170-171].

In a broad sense, the concept of ethics is closely related to the categories of politics, law, and lifestyle. Ethics is a fundamental component of personality, reflecting the personality of an individual who has been socialized. Ethics is expressed in a healthy, pure spiritual life, in actions that reasonably and effectively resolve conflicts. When recognizing ethics as a form of social consciousness, the ethics of each individual, each community, each social class also reflects their political consciousness towards existing issues [10, pp. 153-154]. Today, ethics is defined as follows: “Ethics is a special form of social consciousness that includes a system of viewpoints, concepts, rules, principles, and social norms. It is born, exists and changes from the needs of society, thanks to which people voluntarily adjust their behavior to suit the interests, happiness of people and the progress of society in the relationship between people and people, between individuals and society" [17, p12].

The essence of morality is the rules and standards in social relations, it is formed, exists and develops in life, is recognized by society and voluntarily implemented. Morality is a form of social consciousness reflecting social relations formed on the basis of economy and society. Each economic form or each stage has corresponding principles and moral standards. Therefore, morality has class, national and contemporary characteristics. That is, the moral values of yesterday are not suitable for today or there are moral values suitable for this class but not suitable for another class or another nation.

Nowadays, in the market economy and international integration, the concept of ethics also changes according to new thinking and awareness. However, it does not mean that the old ethical values are completely lost, instead there are new ethical values. According to the viewpoint of our Party and State, current ethical values are a profound combination of the nation's fine ethical traditions with the progressive trends of the times and of humanity. That is the spirit of diligence, creativity, love for the homeland associated with socialism, living and working according to the constitution and law, having a civilized lifestyle, having a humanitarian spirit and a noble international spirit. Ethics is a form of social consciousness, governed by socio-economic conditions, and at the same time it also interacts with other forms of social consciousness such as law, culture, art, education, science... Therefore, in the process of forming and developing personality, there are 3 elements: Ethical behavior, legal behavior, cultural behavior are considered the virtues of a perfect person including two aspects: morality and talent. In which, ethical behavior is considered the most important and best element according to the philosophy: " Law is the minimum morality. Morality is the maximum law ".

According to philosophy, law and morality are two levels of behavior closely related to each other with the same purpose of doing good and avoiding evil. Law is the minimum morality, in general, it means not to do evil. Morality is the maximum law, in general, it means not only not to do evil but also to voluntarily do good to bring material or spiritual benefits to others.

Based on the dialectical relationship between the forms of consciousness presented above, moral education in schools needs to be understood in a broad concept that includes moral behavior, legal behavior and cultural behavior.

* Education:

First of all, education is an activity or process that is systematically organized with purpose, content, methods, and means to influence.

affecting the mental and physical development of a certain group of people, making them gradually acquire the qualities and abilities as required.

Education in the narrow sense is one of two partial processes that make up the overall pedagogical process. According to this understanding, educational activities directly impact the system of values, thoughts, emotions, and ethics of the educational subject.

Thus, it can be understood that: Education is an activity aimed at people through a system of measures to impart knowledge and experience, train skills and lifestyle, foster necessary ideology and ethics for the subject, helping to form and develop capacity, qualities, and personality suitable to the purpose and goal of preparing the subject to participate in production labor and social life.

* Moral education:

Moral education is a conscious action aimed at forming in people the correct moral consciousness, emotions, motivations and behaviors, on the basis of helping them absorb the basic moral viewpoints, principles and standards of society and helping them express these viewpoints, principles and standards in their personal life activities (system of behavior, actions, habits, etc.). Based on these viewpoints and principles, people distinguish and choose correct moral relationships, and criticize moral behaviors that do not meet social requirements.

Moral education for students is a process carried out in schools, continuous in time and space, with the participation of many social forces, in which schools play a key role.

According to Professor Ha The Ngu and Dang Vu Hoat: " Moral education is the process of transforming moral standards, from the external demands of society on individuals into internal demands of the individual, into beliefs, needs, and habits of the person being educated ." [15]

Moral education in general schools is a part of the process.

Comprehensive education has a dialectical relationship with other educational processes such as intellectual education, aesthetic education, physical education, labor education and career education to form students' beliefs, habits, behaviors and ethical standards.

Moral education is a conscious impact to form people with correct moral consciousness, emotions, motives and behaviors, on the basis of helping them absorb basic moral viewpoints, principles and standards of society and helping them express moral viewpoints, principles and standards in their personal life activities. Based on those viewpoints and principles, people distinguish and choose correct moral relationships, criticize moral behaviors that are not suitable to social requirements. Moral education for students includes the impact of many objective and subjective factors, external and internal, is a process carried out continuously in time and space, with the participation of many social forces, in which the school plays a key role. It can be understood that there are as many relationships in school, family and society that students participate in as there are factors affecting students. Each force has its own importance, tasks, methods and superiority:

+ Family is the cell of society, the place where traditional values are most firmly preserved and developed. From the family, all ages can be educated to love their parents, family members, and fellow human beings. A happy family is based on the basic principle that everyone must love and respect each other, help each other in work and be the spiritual support for each member.

+ The school is a special social organization with a tight organizational structure, with the specialized task of educating and training children's personalities according to social orientations. The process of expressing the above functions is the process of organizing teaching and learning activities, educational activities,... according to a system of programs and contents that are organized in a tight and planned manner.

- The school is an agency under the management of the State, under the direct and close leadership of the Party, firmly grasping the viewpoints and guidelines of socialist education.

- The school has the function of implementing the goal of personality education and training.

- The school has carefully selected and organized educational content and methods.

- The school has a professional educational staff.

- The educational environment in schools has a pedagogical nature and has a positive effect on the process of moral education.

+ Social forces include: agencies, political and social organizations, economic organizations, mass organizations, functional agencies,... [9, p.7]. In the educational forces, schools play a leading role, are the center for organizing, coordinating and leading educational work.

1.2.2. Management, management of moral education activities

* Manage:

Management is a special form of social labor, closely associated with and developed with the history of human development. Since the division of labor in society, a special form of labor has appeared, which is to organize and control labor activities according to certain requirements. That special form of labor is also called management activity.

There are many different concepts of management according to different approaches such as:

+ “ Management is the continuous, organized, and oriented impact of the management subject (manager, management organization) on the management object (management object) in terms of politics, culture, society, and economy, through a system of laws, policies, principles, methods, and specific solutions to create an environment and conditions for the development of the object ”. [8, p.7]

+ “ Management is the directed, purposeful impact of the management subject (manager) on the management object (managed person) in an organization.

to make the organization operate and achieve its goals”.[ 18, p8]

+ “ Management is to ensure the operation of the system in the conditions of continuous change of the system and environment, is to move the system to a new state to adapt to new circumstances ”. [12, p8]

According to Fredenck, W.Taylor, author of scientific management

then:

“ Management is knowing exactly what you want people to do and then getting them to do it.”

that they get the job done in the best and cheapest way .”

According to Henry Fayol's administrative management theory: " Administrative management is forecasting and planning, organizing and commanding, coordinating and controlling ."

Although there are many different concepts of management as mentioned above, we can see that the common point of management that those concepts mentioned is:

- Management always has a goal. Management activities are carried out with an organization or a social group. This is the convergence point for the joint activities of many people.

- Management is the implementation of targeted impacts from the subject to the object. The human factor, in which the manager and the managed, play a central role in management activities.

- Management not only reflects the will of the subject but also the perception and implementation of activities according to objective laws. Management labor is an important condition for human society to exist, operate and develop.

From the above characteristics, it can be understood that: Management is the lawful impact of the management subject on the management object by a combination of ways and methods to exploit and make maximum use of the potentials and opportunities of individuals as well as organizations, to achieve the set goals.

* Education management:

Educational management is understood from many different aspects. Some authors believe that: The nature of educational management is pedagogical management: managing educational goals, educational content, educational - teaching methods, human management, managing educational tools; educational management aims to coordinate sectors, social forces, carry out educational socialization, mobilize resources and international cooperation in the fields of education and training. Educational management carries out these tasks through the implementation of four management functions: planning, organizing, directing and controlling.

If approaching educational management at the macro level ( educational system management ), then: Educational management is the voluntary, conscious, purposeful, systematic and regular impacts of educational management subjects at all levels on all links of the educational system to implement quality and effective organization, mobilization, coordination, monitoring and adjustment of educational resources, so that the educational system operates to achieve educational development goals [18].

If approaching educational management at the micro level ( management of an educational institution ), then : Educational management is the voluntary, conscious, purposeful, systematic and lawful impacts of the subject managing an educational institution on the collective of teachers, employees, learners and other educational participants inside and outside that educational institution, in order to carry out quality and effective educational and teaching activities to make the educational institution operate stably and develop to achieve the training goals of that educational institution [18].

According to author Dang Quoc Bao: " Educational management is a system of planned and purposeful impact of management subjects at different levels on all stages and parts of the system to ensure that agencies in the educational system operate optimally, ensuring development in both quantity and quality to achieve educational goals ."[1, p16]

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