2.1.2. Information on natural conditions of the research site
Lao PDR is located in Southeast Asia, and lies in the middle of the Indochina Peninsula, latitude 14°-23°N and longitude 100°-108°E, altitude from 50 m to the highest point of 2,820 m at the top of Bia Mountain. Laos has a total area of 236,800 km 2 , divided into 18 provinces and a capital, the whole country has a population of 8,758,698 people, population density is 25 people / km 2 (2020). Laos is the only country in Southeast Asia without a sea, bordering China to the north (508 km), Cambodia to the south (535 km), Vietnam to the east (2,337 km), Thailand to the west (1,835 km) and Myanmar to the northwest (236 km).
Lao PDR is in the tropical zone, with strong winds but rarely storms. In the northern mountainous region and the Truong Son mountain range, the climate is semi-tropical, with an average annual temperature of 15°C in the dry season to 30°C in the rainy season, with a temperature difference of about 10°C during the day and night. The number of hours of sunshine per year is about 2,300-2,400 hours (about 6.3-6.5 hours per day), relative humidity is about 70-85%, rainfall is from 75-90% in the rainy season (May-October), in the dry season (November to April), rainfall is only from 10-25% and the average annual rainfall of each region is very different, varying from 1,000 mm in the North and 3,000 mm in the Central and South.
Due to the terrain and humid tropical climate, Laos has abundant natural resources, with a high diversity of flora and fauna. By 2019, the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry reported that Laos had a land coverage of 62% of the country's total area. Primary forests account for 12.2% of the country's total area, mixed forests account for 42.3%, dipterocarp forests account for 5.5%, secondary forests account for 21.9%, coniferous forests account for 1.1%, bamboo accounts for 0.4%, planted forests account for 1%, grasslands account for 1.1%, agricultural land accounts for 11.3% and the rest is other types of land use.
Figure 2.1. Map showing the distribution of limestone mountains in Laos
Laos has a limestone mountain area of about 11,344 km2 equivalent to 1,134,400 ha, accounting for 5% of the country's area (Viossanges et al. 2017).
Figure 2.2: Location map of research sites
Field surveys were conducted in 6 provinces of Lao PDR: Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Xieng Khouang, Udomxay, Huaphan and Kham Muon. With 13 locations: Vang Vieng district,
Muong Phuong district, Luong Pha Bang district, Muong Ngoi district, Phu Kut district, Nong Het district, Na Mo district, Muong Xay district, Muong Hiem district, Muong Xon district, Vieng Xay district, Khun Kham district and Bua La Pha district (Figure 2.2).
Vientiane Province is located in the Central region of Lao PDR, bordering the capital Vientiane to the North, with an area of 22,554 km2 including 11 districts, with a population of 454,660 people, a density of 20 people/km2 , Vientiane Province is a province with many industrial parks and tourist areas, with good and rich landscape ecology. In Vientiane Province, 2 locations were chosen for research and survey: Vang Vieng District and Muong Phuong District, because these 2 districts have many limestone mountains with many caves and scenic tourist areas.
Luang Prabang Province is located in the North of Lao PDR, about 320 km from the capital Vientiane. It is a province with 100% mountainous terrain, an area of 16,875 km2 including 12 districts, with a population of 431,439 people and a population density of 26 people/km2 . Most of the people in Luang Prabang Province are engaged in industrial crop cultivation such as: The whole province has more than 1.2 million hectares of rubber, more than 22,000 hectares of tea, more than 3,900 hectares of oil, more than 2,000 trees of lac, more than 800 hectares of tea, 27 hectares of thorn trees, more than 170 hectares of Duong trees, followed by tourism-related occupations with annual tourism income of more than 70 million dollars. There are 20,650 families still clearing forests for slash-and-burn farming, occupying an area of 13,511 hectares. In Luang Prabang province, two locations were chosen for research and survey: Luang Prabang district and Muong Ngoi district, because these two districts have many limestone mountains with many caves and scenic tourist areas.
Xieng Khouang Province is located in the central part of Laos, with a plateau at an altitude of
1,200 m above sea level and is cloudy almost all year round. There is also the fertile Muang Phuan Plateau, a plateau surrounded by mountain ranges, and Phu Bia, the highest mountain in Laos at 2,820 m. Xieng Province is about 350 km from the capital Vientiane, with an area of
16,358 km2 includes 07 districts, with a population of 257,683 people, equal to 16 people/km2 . In Xieng Khouang province, 2 locations were chosen for research and survey: Phu Kut district and Ngong Het district, because these 2 districts have many limestone mountains with many caves.
Udomxay province is located in the North of Laos, 100% mountainous terrain, about 530 km from Vientiane Capital, with an area of 15,370 km2 including 07 districts, with a population of 285,874 people, equal to 19 people/km2 . In Xieng Khouang province, 2 locations were chosen for research and survey, including Muong Xay district and Na Mo district, because these 2 districts have many limestone mountains with many caves.
Hua Phan Province is located in the North of Laos, 100% mountainous terrain, cold climate, with average temperature of 30-33°C in the rainy season and 0-2°C in the dry season, sometimes down to (-4°C) about 600 km from the capital Vientiane, with an area of
16,500 km2 includes 11 districts, with a population of 302,809 people, equal to 18 people/km2 . In Hua Phan province, 3 locations were chosen for research and survey: Vieng Xay district, Hiem district and Muong Xon district, because this district has many limestone mountains with many caves.
Khammouane province is located in the Central region of Laos, the terrain is mostly plains along the Mekong River and the West is a mountain range bordering Vietnam, Khammouane province is the province with the most limestone mountains, accounting for more than 20% of the province's area and is the province with the most caves, so there are many cave tourist areas, besides there are also many cement factories and stone crushing plants. Khammouane province is about 340 km south of Vientiane capital, has an area of 16,315 km 2 including 10 districts, with a population of 401,848 people, equal to 25 people/km 2. In Khammouane province, 2 locations were chosen for research and survey, including Khun Kham district and Bua La Pha district, because these 2 districts have many limestone mountains with many caves but there is little research.
Table 2.2 Area of 3 types of forests in the country and the provinces in Laos
(Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2019)
Area
Acreage all (km 2 ) | Forest area Protection (ha) | Forest area Special use (ha) | Forest area Production (ha) | |
The whole of Laos | 236,800 | 4,967,090 | 4,146,896 | 2,199,869 |
UDX Province | 15,370 | 292,911 | 71,549 | 157,890 |
LPB Province | 16,875 | 643,923 | 136,014 | 78,765 |
HP Province | 16,500 | 309,528 | 387,144 | 108,393 |
Export Province | 16,358 | 384,965 | 153,579 | 195,935 |
VC Province | 22,554 | 179,355 | 145,133 | 154,881 |
KM Province | 16,315 | 85,791 | 589,294 | 174,985 |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Research on combining nano additives to enhance the physical and technical properties of natural rubber materials and some of its blends - 2 -
Research proposes sustainable water supply solutions for My Tu district in saline intrusion conditions - 10 -
Natural Conditions, Natural Resources -
Natural Conditions, Socio-Economics and Resources for Tourism Development of Hai Phong
Note: UDX=Udomxay province, LPB=Luang Prabang province, HP=Huaphan province XK=Xieng Khouang province, VC = Vientiane province and KM=Kham Muon province
2.2. Research content
- Investigation of species diversity of the family Gekkonidae in limestone forest areas of Northern and Central Laos: limestone mountains and caves in Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Kham Muon, Udomxay, Hua Phan and Xieng Khouang provinces.
- Determine species composition and evaluate genetic relationships between species and populations in the genus Cyrtodactylus , Dixonius and Gekko recorded in Laos.
- Compare the level of similarity in species composition in the Gecko family between research sites and between the North and Central regions.
- Evaluate the distribution characteristics of species in the Gecko family according to altitude, habitat type, and habitat (locations encountered: on trees, on the ground, cliffs).
- Assess the factors threatening the populations of Gekkonidae geckos at the study sites and propose solutions for conservation work.
2.3. Research method
2.3.1. Field survey
Point and line surveys. The survey routes were established based on the topographic map, vegetation and habitat of the gecko species. The survey routes passed through different types of habitats and altitudes of the study area, paying special attention to limestone mountain points with caves and cliffs, valleys between limestone mountain ranges in the forest. Each survey route will be recorded by GPS using trackmaker. The survey time is at night from 17:00 to 23:00.
2.3.2 Research materials
1) Chemicals
Chemicals used to separate total DNA include: Dneasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Germany); GenJet Genomic DNA Purification (ThermoFisher Scientific, Lithuania); ethanol (Merck, Germany).
PCR reactions were performed using HotStar Taq mastermix (Qiagen, Germany) and DreamTaq Mastermix (ThermoFisher Scientific, Lithuania). PCR reaction products were visualized by electrophoresis using the following chemicals: agarose, ethidium bromide, tris base, EDTA, 1 kb marker, 100 bp marker (1st Base, Malaysia) and 6x dye (ThermoFisher Scientific, Lithuania). Successful PCR products were purified using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Lithuania).
2) PCR reaction primers
The primer pairs used in the genetic relationship study of Cyrtodactylus , Dixonius and Gekko were referenced from previous studies by Ivanova et al. 2006, Macey et al. 1997 and Greenbaum et al. 2007. The primer sequences are shown in Tables 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 .
Table 2.3. Primer pairs used in genetic relationship studies of the genus Cyrtodactylus
Bait name
Primer sequence | References | |
VF1-d | 5'- TTCTCAACCAACCACAARGAYATYGG -3' | Ivanova et al. 2006 |
VR1-d | 5'- TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCRAARAAYCA -3' | Ivanova et al. 2006 |
Table 2.4. Primer pairs used in genetic relationship studies of the genus Dixonius
Bait name
Primer sequence | References | |
MetF1 | 5'- AAGCTTTCGGGCCCATACC -3' | Macey et al. 1997 |
COIR1 | 5'- AGRGTGCCAATGTCTTTGTGRTT -3' | Macey et al. 1997 |
Table 2.5. Primer pairs used in genetic relationship studies of the Gekko genus
Bait name
Primer sequence | References | |
GF1 | 5'- CAAGCACHATYATYACYATAT -3' | Greenbaum et al. 2007 |
GR1 | 5'-CCTATGTGTGCGATTGATGA-3' | Greenbaum et al. 2007 |
3) Informatics software
Bioinformatics software used in the study included: Sequencher v5.4.6 (Gene Codes Corp, AnnArbor, MI, USA), ClustalX v2.1 (Thompson et al. 1997), jModeltest v2.1.4 (Darriba et al. 2012), Modeltest v3.7 (Posada and Crandal, 1998), MrBayes v3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012), Tracer v1.5 (Rambaut and Drummond, 2009), Figtree v1.3 (Rambaut 2009), PAUP v4.0b10 (Swofford 2001).
4) Equipment
The equipment used for the research belongs to the Laboratory of Forestry Department, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, University of Forestry and Department of Genetics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.