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Expert Survey Results on Research Scales

Table 3.3: Results of expert survey on research scale



TT


Scale

Expert opinion

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1. MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION NEEDS FROM UNIT LEADERSHIP (NCTT)


1

Unit leaders need to use management accounting information for planning.


Agree


2

Unit leaders have a need to use management accounting information for organization and implementation.


Agree


3

Unit leaders need to use management accounting information to check and control operations.


Agree


4

Unit leaders need to use management accounting information to analyze and adjust plans and operational goals.


Agree


5


Unit leaders need to improve their qualifications and knowledge of management accounting.

Disagree because this scale is not appropriate for this variable

2. UNIT LEADERSHIP AWARENESS (NTLD)


1

Unit leaders need to affirm that the need for international economic information in the unit is necessary and important.


Agree


2

Unit leaders need to focus on equipping themselves with knowledge of finance and accounting in the direction of modern unit management.


Agree


3

Unit leaders need to pay due attention to the use of management accounting information to serve departmental decision making.


Agree

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Expert Survey Results on Research Scales



4

Unit leaders need to be aware of improving the level and knowledge of management accounting for themselves and their staff.


Agree

3. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNIT'S MANAGEMENT APPARATUS (BMQL)


1

Units need to focus on promoting decentralization of management in the organizational apparatus.


Agree


2

The unit's leadership needs to innovate in the way it operates according to its orientation and control functions.


Agree


3

Organize the management apparatus to avoid overlap and concurrent responsibilities.


Agree


4

The organizational structure of the management apparatus needs to be structured according to a governance model that evaluates responsibility rather than an administrative structure.


Agree

4. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES (PPKT)


1

The unit needs to correctly and fully identify the indicators to implement management accounting.


Agree


2

Units need to classify costs, revenues, and profits according to management accounting methods.


Agree


3

The budget needs to be fully and specifically prepared for each unit and department, reducing rigidity and imposition.


Agree


4

Management reports need to be systematic and meet the requirements of providing information for the management of each unit and department within the unit.

Additional information according to expert opinion

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5. ACCOUNTING HUMAN RESOURCES (NLKT)



1

Accounting staff clearly understand the process of building and applying management accounting work at the unit.


Agree


2

Accounting staff proactively attend training courses to improve their professional knowledge of management accounting.


Agree


3

Accountants are experienced in preparing budgets and analytical reports to provide information for management decision making.


Agree


4

Management accountants work responsibly


Agree


5

Accountants with qualifications appropriate to the job position related to the application of management accounting


Agree


6

Accountants have the ability to advise managers on the use of management accounting information in management work and have professional ethics appropriate to the job position related to the application of management accounting.


Additional information by expert opinion

6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) APPLICATION


1

Applying information technology in accounting work to serve the establishment of professional management reports.


Agree


2

The unit needs to promote the use of the intranet to synthesize performance results and information from other departments and divisions.


Agree


3

The unit needs to design separate software for management accounting work.


Agree

7. MARKET COMPETITIVENESS (MDCT)


1

The market is always seeing the emergence of new competitors.

Agree

2

Alternative products are constantly appearing on the market.

Agree

3

Pressure from major suppliers.

Agree

4

Pressure from existing competitors in the same field of operation.

Agree

Applying international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company

Duong (KTQT)


1

Management accounting provides better support in management and operations at all levels of management in the unit.


Agree


2

Management accounting provides better support in decision making of managers at all levels.


Agree


3

Management accounting helps to better measure and evaluate the performance and responsibilities of each department and individual in the organization.


Agree

(Source: Author's synthesis)

Thus, the expert research results have changed compared to the author's initial expectations regarding the quantity and content of the measurement scale of some variables in the research model, specifically:

-For the variable "Need for management accounting information from unit leaders", there is a scale "Unit leaders need to improve their qualifications and knowledge of management accounting" which was eliminated because experts said it was not suitable for this variable.

- For the variable "Methods and techniques", a scale is added: "Management reports need to be systematic, meeting the requirements of providing information for the management of each unit and department in the unit".

- For the variable "Accounting human resources", a scale is added: "Accounting staff have the ability to advise managers on using management accounting information in management work and have professional ethics appropriate to the job position related to applying management accounting".

3.2.2 Quantitative research methods

3.2.2.1 Measuring system

The types of scales used in this study to establish survey questions by ordinal scales. This is the type of scale used to measure attitudes, feelings, perceptions... therefore in this study it will be used to measure the level of influence of factors on the application of KTQT work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company as well as the factors affecting this level of application.

3.2.2.2 Survey questionnaire

The questionnaire is designed in 2 parts:

Part 1: Specific information related to the respondent such as gender, department, current position, seniority, and accounting training level.

Part 2: Questions for specific interviews on the main factors affecting the application of management accounting at Binh Duong Water and Environment Joint Stock Company. The answers to the observed variables in the research model are related to the application of management accounting at Binh Duong Water and Environment Joint Stock Company. This study uses a 5-range Likert scale (from (1) to (5), representing the level of completely disagreeing or strongly agreeing.

(Survey questionnaire see Appendix 3)

Research scale

All observed variables in the model are measured using a 5-point Likert scale, conventionally ranging from 1 to 5 according to the increasing level of agreement of survey respondents with the given statement, specifically as follows:

1: strongly disagree; 2: disagree; 3: neutral; 4: agree; 5: strongly agree.

3.2.3 Data collection and sampling methods

The survey sampling will be conducted at units of the Water Corporation.

– Binh Duong Environment. Primary data will be collected by sending survey questions to individuals by email or in person.

To use EFA, the sample size must be large. According to Bollen (1989), the minimum sample size is 5 observations for a question to be estimated. Accordingly, this study has 32 questions, so the minimum sample size is 32x5 = 160. To achieve a minimum of 160 observations, the author sent 220 questionnaires from November 2020 to January 2021 to 220 individuals who are officers and employees of Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company. The result was 207 survey questionnaires, of which 17 were rejected due to invalidity (mainly due to lack of information). Therefore, the number of remaining observations to be included in the analysis is 195 questionnaires, which is larger than the minimum sample size, so this sample size is appropriate.

3.2.4 Data analysis methods

After collecting the data, the writer will measure the dispersion and concentration of the data by descriptive methods through frequency distribution tables.

This descriptive method will answer questions about the application of international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company today.

Finally, the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables will be studied using regression analysis. Accordingly, after receiving the questionnaires, the author cleaned the information, filtered the questionnaires and coded the necessary information in the questionnaires, entered and analyzed the data using SPSS 22.0 software. Then, the steps were (1) assessing the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, (2) testing the value of the variable using EFA factor analysis, and (3) multivariate regression analysis.

3.2.4.1 Assessment of scale reliability

The author uses Cronbach's Alpha test to evaluate the reliability of the scale of variables including 7 independent variables: Need for information on management accounting from the unit's leaders; Awareness of the unit's leaders; Organizational structure of the unit's management apparatus; Methods and techniques; Accounting human resources; Application of IT and Level of market competition and 1 dependent variable is the application of management accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company.

Scale quality testing: In this step, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient is used to evaluate and determine the quality of each constructed scale. In assessing the reliability of the scale, variables are qualified when the total Alpha coefficient is >0.6 and the item-total correlation coefficient of the observed variables is >0.3. Scales that are assessed as good quality are those with Alpha coefficient >0.8.

3.2.4.2 Exploratory factor analysis EFA

EFA suitability test (KMO test)

The KMO measure (Kaise-Meyer-Olkin measure) to analyze the factors in the research model affecting the application of international accounting at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company is suitable for real data, that is, the KMO value must be in the range of 0.5 ≤ KMO ≤ 1.

Test for correlation between observed variables (Bartlett's test)

Conduct Bartlett's test for each influencing factor, the purpose of this test is to examine whether the observed variables are correlated in each factor or not (considering each independent variable separately). If the significance level Sig of the partial regression coefficient has a confidence level of 95% or higher (Sig. ≤ 0.05), it can be concluded that the observed variables are correlated in each factor, including 7 factors: Need for information on management accounting from the unit's leaders; Awareness of the unit's leaders; Organizational structure of the unit's management apparatus; Methods and techniques; Accounting human resources; Application of IT and Level of market competition.

Test of extracted variance

The extracted variance test aims to determine the level of influence of factors on the application of management accounting at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company explained by observed variables (factor components). When the total extracted variance with % Cumulative variance > 50% and Eigenvalues ​​> 1 is accepted and ensures the explanatory content of the factors.

EFA test for the dependent variable is "Application of international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company".

The purpose of EFA factor analysis for the dependent variable "Application of international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company" is to evaluate the observed variables that have linear correlation in the application of international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company. When the significance level Sig. ≤ 0.05 and the KMO value is in the range of 0.5 ≤ KMO ≤ 1, it can be concluded that the observed variables have linear correlation in the factor of application of international accounting work at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company and are consistent with the actual data.

3.2.4.3 Multiple regression analysis

Regression coefficient test

To ensure the reliability, efficiency and quality of the model, the author uses the partial correlation test of the regression coefficients. The goal of this test is to examine whether the independent variables are significantly correlated with the dependent variable or not. The regression coefficient must be statistically significant with a confidence level of 95% or higher (Sig.≤ 0.05), it can be concluded that the correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable is statistically significant.

Model fit testing

Testing the explanatory power of the model

Using the adjusted R 2 measure to know the percentage of influence of the application of international accounting at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company explained by independent variables, the larger the R 2 , the more meaningful the model is and ensures the higher the level of influence of factors on the application of international accounting at Binh Duong Water - Environment Joint Stock Company.

Model fit testing

Use Anova analysis of variance test to test the suitability of the model. The research model is considered suitable when it has a confidence level of 95% or higher (Sig. ≤ 0.05), which proves that the independent variables have a linear correlation with the dependent variable, the theoretical model is consistent with the actual data.

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