Experience on Livelihood Issues and Income Improvement for Farmers in Developing Tourist Areas in Some Countries in the World

The measure that is being evaluated as superior is that when reclaiming land, investors do not compensate all but leave people with a certain amount of shares in that project. If the entire amount of money is compensated, unemployed farmers may spend all the money and become empty-handed, while if they have shares, they will have long-term benefits to ensure their lives. Third, the situation of farming households lacking production land due to the development of tourist areas is increasingly on the rise. Therefore, local land allocation is not only allocated to households with registered residence in the area, but must be expanded to other poor groups. However, there must be strict management measures to prevent exploitation of land allocation to the wrong subjects or land allocation for the wrong purposes. Authorities at all levels should coordinate with organizations, especially farmers' associations, to mobilize people to raise awareness and comply with the law in general and the land law in particular.

For farmers who want to move to other regions to live, local authorities should coordinate with farmers' associations and other departments to have policies to support migration, settlement and settlement.

2.2.2. Experience in livelihood issues and income improvement for farmers in developing tourist areas in some countries around the world

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2.2.2.1. China's experience

China is a country with natural conditions and customs relatively similar to Vietnam. As the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion people, but like Vietnam, nearly 70% of China's population still lives in rural areas, with more than 10 million workers of working age joining the workforce every year. Therefore, the need for employment is becoming more and more urgent. After the economic reform and opening up in 1978, China implemented the motto "Leave agriculture but not leave home" through the policy of strongly encouraging the development of Huong Tran industry to promote economic restructuring and social division of labor in rural areas, thereby shortening the gap between rural and urban areas. China considers the development of rural industry as a way to solve the problem of employment and livelihood of the people. The process of industrialization and urbanization has attracted surplus labor in rural areas. In addition, the state's investment incentive policy along with private investment in the non-agricultural sector has promoted the development of local enterprises. In the early years, up to 20%, even 50% of the total income of rural people came from local enterprises.

From the practice of industrial development and solving the livelihood problem for rural people in China in recent times, we can draw some lessons as follows: The policy of shifting the rural economic structure, diversifying industries, encouraging farmers to invest long-term to develop production, expanding non-agricultural activities... has greatly contributed to the economic growth rate and diversifying the model.

livelihood model for rural people, attracting more workers to non-farm activities

agriculture in rural areas. In a certain period, the state protects domestic production, which solves the problem of labor and employment in rural areas. Restricting labor movement between regions limits the livelihoods of rural people because businesses will make it difficult to pay wages or limit the use of people's skills.

2.2.2.2. Korean experience

South Korea is a country with many similarities to Vietnam's economic development. Before the 1970s, South Korea was also an agricultural country, with agriculture accounting for 50% of South Korea's GDP. South Korean farmers are also Asians, with an East Asian ideology: inferiority complex. Before 1970, South Korea's GDP per capita was similar to ours in 1991, 1992, about 300 - 350 USD/person/year.

From the practice of Korea, we can draw the following lessons: Develop industry in parallel with investment in agricultural development. This way, we can both carry out industrialization and modernization of the country and ensure food security. Develop agriculture and rural areas step by step, without haste; complete one level before moving on to the next.

2.2.3. Some experiences in solving livelihood and employment problems for farming households whose agricultural land has been recovered in Vinh Phuc province, Vietnam

Vinh Phuc is a province with a rapid urbanization rate. Within 10 years (from 1997 to 2007), thanks to the development of tourist areas, the province's economic growth rate reached 17.1%. But because of that, many areas of agricultural and forestry land have been reclaimed to build urban areas, tourist areas... Every year, thousands of farmers in the province lose their jobs. According to statistics from the authorities, after 10 years since the re-establishment of the province (in 1997), Vinh Phuc has reclaimed more than 4,000 hectares of agricultural and forestry land to build industrial parks, urban areas and infrastructure. The land reclamation has caused more than 10,000 households to lose part or all of their residential and farming land. After the land was reclaimed, about 45,000 rural workers lost or lacked jobs. In the coming time, agricultural and forestry land in many localities in the province will continue to be reclaimed to serve the cause of industrialization and modernization. The number of farmers without means of production will continue to increase, creating great pressure on the issue of job creation. Faced with this situation, the provincial authorities and functional branches have had many policies and measures to fundamentally resolve...

Vinh Phuc province has also developed a project on “Vocational training for rural workers and workers in areas with land reserved for industrial development”. According to the project, from the time of implementation until 2010, the province will spend about 87 billion VND to invest in building and upgrading the vocational school system, purchasing and modernizing machinery and equipment; and supporting tuition fees for

14,000 rural workers (mainly young people); developing a system of centers

job introduction... The province strives to increase the rate of trained workers to 45% by 2010. Up to now, the whole province has 52 vocational training establishments, with a diverse training structure, training scale of more than 31,000 workers each year, basically meeting the vocational training needs of workers. Vinh Phuc's agricultural sector has organized 385 training classes on livestock breeding, cultivation, aquaculture, veterinary medicine, electricity, economics, informatics... for over 11,640 farmers to participate in. To further increase the number of rural youth receiving vocational training as well as being recruited to work in industrial parks and clusters, the province has issued many mechanisms and policies to support such as: households that dedicate land to develop industry and services will be supported for 10 months/course if they participate in long-term vocational training courses; Those who participate in cultural and vocational training will be supported for 15 months/course (support level of 200,000 VND/student/month). The province supports enterprises when accepting rural workers to work with a level of 500,000 VND/person (if the workers have not received vocational training); 200,000 VND/person (if the workers have received vocational training), tuition support with a level of 250,000 to 300,000 VND/month/student.

/vocational training course; support of 1 million VND/person/course of foreign language training, education oriented to labor export. The province also encourages sending workers to work outside the province under the regime of each worker from a household with land converted to a different purpose of use to work in the Northern provinces is supported with 300,000 VND, to the Central region is 500,000 VND and to the South is 700,000 VND. From now until 2010, the province will open 3,000 training classes in new professions such as mechanics, sewing, electricity, electronics... for over 90,000 farmers; At the same time, consulting points, job information, policy mechanisms, labor markets from the province to the district and commune level were opened to serve the people. Thanks to these correct policies, up to now, 23% of rural workers whose land was recovered have been accepted to work stably in FLC high-end resorts (http://thegioi.sannghenghiep.vn/?id=2739&view=detail).

2.2.4. Related research works

In recent years, the reclamation of agricultural and forestry land has occurred more and more. The issue of job creation, income improvement, and ensuring sustainable livelihoods for farmers, especially those whose agricultural and forestry land has been reclamation, is a pressing issue of concern to all levels, sectors, and many people.

In our country, there are a number of research projects on the problems of farming households after agricultural land recovery such as:

❖ Livelihoods of people living near Tien Son Industrial Park - current situation and solutions, Master's thesis in economics, 2008, Nguyen Duy Hoan.

Main results of the study: in the construction of local industrial parks, many new livelihood models have emerged, especially among households whose land has been recovered. Livelihoods from agriculture

are being narrowed in households near industrial parks. Households' trade and service livelihoods focus only on

The two types are house rental and small business. Due to the shift of labor and employment of farming households, the income of the majority of households has stabilized and increased.

❖ Impact of agricultural and forestry land acquisition on production and life of farming households in Tu Minh commune - Hai Phong city. University graduation thesis, 2005, Vu Tien Quang.

The study has shown that the income structure of farming households after the recovery of agricultural and forestry land has changed significantly. Income from agriculture is being significantly reduced and the income of households is mainly from non-agricultural production. The general trend in the commune is that young workers leave agricultural production to work in industrial parks or provide services in the commune or neighboring communes, which has brought about

larger revenue than income from agricultural production or craft villages.

PART 3

OBJECTS, SCOPE AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research object and scope

3.1.1. Research subjects

The research object of the topic is the livelihood of farming households after losing land and the life of farming households in Hai Ninh commune, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province after land acquisition.

3.1.2. Scope of research

- Scope of content: The topic focuses on studying the livelihood situation of farming households after land acquisition for the construction of FLC luxury resort in Hai Ninh commune. Analyze the process of livelihood change and factors affecting the livelihood of people in the commune, thereby proposing solutions to overcome and develop household economy.

- Spatial scope: The topic was researched in Hai Ninh commune, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province.

- Time range:

+ Data collected over 2 years (2015 and 2016).

+ Project implementation time: November 10, 2016 to May 20, 2017.

3.2. Research method

3.2.1. Method of selecting research sites

The research location must be a place with conditions suitable to the requirements of the content as well as the objectives of the topic. The topic is researched in Hai Ninh commune, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province for the following reasons:

Firstly, in the last 2 years and currently, Hai Ninh commune has been undergoing rapid urbanization, construction and renovation of technical and social infrastructure systems. In the commune, there are key projects of the province such as FLC high-end resort, construction of commercial housing... there has been a strong conversion of land from agricultural and forestry land to non-agricultural land.

Second, the livelihood of the local people has long been based on land. The construction of the FLC luxury resort and residential area in the commune means that a large area of land is reclaimed. From there, the problem of employment,

People's lives are also affected.

Third, people's awareness and livelihood strategies are also changed under the impact of agricultural and forestry land acquisition.

Fourth, the financial problems of households after receiving land compensation and using the compensation money are among the issues that affect their livelihoods in the future.

3.2.2. Data collection method

- Collect secondary data

+ Report on the socio-economic situation of Hai Ninh commune in 2015 and 2016;

+ Report on the direction and tasks of socio-economic development in 2017 (Report of the Commune People's Committee presented at the 3rd session of the Commune People's Council, term XI);

+ Report on the progress of land recovery and compensation for people in Hai Ninh commune in 2016;

+ Report on local land use situation, 2016;

+ Report on the 5-year implementation of Resolution No. 19-NQ/TW dated October 31, 2012 of the 6th Conference of the Central Executive Committee, 11th term in Quang Binh province, 2017;

+ Data collected through books, newspapers, and websites on issues related to the topic.

- Collect primary data

+ Household interview method: Directly interview 60 farming households in the research area using a semi-structured questionnaire (Appendix I).

+ Household selection method: Random selection with classification (classified according to the area of agricultural land recovered) including:

* Group I: 30 households are households whose recovered land area is greater than 70% of the total allocated cultivated land area.

* Group II: 30 households are households whose land area recovered is less than 70% of the total allocated cultivated land area.

+ Interview method with knowledgeable people: Directly interview the Vice Chairman of Quang Ninh District People's Committee, Chairman of Hai Ninh Commune People's Committee, commune agricultural officers and village chiefs.

3.3. Data processing method

After collecting household survey data, process the data using the following tools: Personal computer, using Microsoft Excel program on the computer.

PART 4

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Characteristics of the research area

4.1.1.Socio-economic characteristics of Hai Ninh commune, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province

4.1.1.1. Geographical location

Hai Ninh Commune was established in 1982, is a coastal sandy commune located in the Southeast of Quang Ninh district, 12km from the center of Quan Hau district town and 17km from Dong Hoi city center, is the only commune of Quang Ninh district bordering the East Sea, has a coastline of nearly 19km with beautiful beaches and landscapes.

Figure 4.1. Location map of Hai Ninh commune, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh

(Source: googlemap.com)

The commune's location is convenient because Provincial Road 569 (coastal defense road) runs through the commune and is about 5km from National Highway 1A. Located in an area with favorable natural conditions, a large natural land area and sheltered by a long strip of sand dunes along the coast, the environment - climate - clean water source, very suitable for building an aquaculture model on sand according to the industrial farming method. Natural land area 3,916.46 ha, population 5,200 people (2015 statistics) with 5 villages. Hai Ninh Commune

is a commune with a large area of forestry land, the households mainly fish and seafood.

Data were entered into SPSS version 16.0 software for analysis, including: hypothesis testing about the population mean, anova analysis and in-depth anova analysis (Post Hoc test).

The variables of labor structure, income change and land use demand are quantitative variables, while the group variables are qualitative variables. Therefore, to see the average difference between the populations at the 5% significance level.

3.3.1 Descriptive statistical methods

Used to describe the livelihood status and livelihood changes of people in the commune, as well as activities in the economic life of people in the commune through document collection, through sample surveys. Statistical data describe the fluctuations as well as development trends in income, expenditure, costs, as well as all activities between groups of households surveyed before and after the recovery of agricultural and forestry land between groups of households. Tools of the method: Average, percentage, or absolute number, relative number.

3.3.2. Comparison method

This is the most widely used method to clearly see the differences in the lives and livelihoods of households between points in time or between groups of households. There are many comparison methods: before-after comparison, over time, over space, comparison between research objectives.

The comparative method is used to compare to determine the change in:

+ Farmers' lives before and after land acquisition.

+ Agricultural workers before and after land acquisition.

+ Living environment, culture, customs before and after land acquisition.

+ Laborers participating in industries before and after land acquisition.

+ Income before and after agricultural land recovery.

According to the master plan for the development of the aquaculture industry of Quang Binh province until 2020, Quang Ninh district will develop a brackish water aquaculture area of 420 hectares, and Hai Ninh is the commune selected to develop large-scale aquaculture on sand in the district as a research base for building a new countryside with an effective industrial aquaculture model on sand. With such a geographical location, it has created favorable conditions for the commune to develop its socio-economy, and at the same time, with the formation of the FLC high-class resort, it has been very convenient for transporting goods and tourists to relax by air, water, rail and road... attracting a large labor force, solving the employment needs of the people.

4.1.1.2. Climate and weather conditions

Hai Ninh is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone, with 4 distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter. From April to August of the solar calendar every year, it is affected by the dry and hot southwest wind. In winter, it is affected by the cold and humid northeast monsoon. The average temperature is above 20 degrees Celsius. The hottest months are June and July every year with an approximate temperature of 38-40 degrees Celsius . The total annual temperature is 8,700-8,900 degrees Celsius. The average relative humidity is 80%. The number of hours of sunshine is 1,420 hours. Divided into 2 distinct seasons: rainy season and dry season. The weather is unusual: droughts, floods, storms cause certain obstacles to economic and social development and people's lives.

4.1.1.3. Land use situation

Table 4.1. Land situation of Hai Ninh commune in 2015

Area Ratio

No. 2015 TARGETS

(ha) (%)

TOTAL NATURAL LAND AREA 3,916.46 100.00

1 AGRICULTURAL LAND 3,487.97 89.06

1.1 Agricultural land 75.96 1.94

1.2 Forestry land 3,375.13 86.18

1.3 Aquaculture land 16.8 0.43

1.4 Other agricultural land 20.08 0.51

2 NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND 131.08 3.35