Environmental Management for Industrial Parks

Industrial zones are established according to the conditions, order and procedures prescribed in Decree 82/2018/ND-CP. This is an area for industrial development according to a specific plan to ensure harmony and relative balance between economic - social - environmental goals. Industrial zones are licensed by the Government for investment with their own technical and legal infrastructure systems. Small-scale industrial zones are often called industrial clusters.

According to the report of the Department of Economic Zones Management (Ministry of Planning and Investment), by the end of June 2019, the whole country had 326 industrial parks established with a total natural land area of approximately 95.5 thousand hectares, of which the industrial land area reached about 65.6 thousand hectares, accounting for about 68.7%.

Of the 326 established industrial parks, 251 have come into operation with a total natural land area of about 66.2 thousand hectares and 75 industrial parks are in the compensation, site clearance and construction stages with a total area of about 29.3 thousand hectares.

The occupancy rate of operating industrial parks reached nearly 74% [18]

According to Decree 82/2018/ND-CP of the Government, an industrial park is:

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An industrial park is an area with defined geographical boundaries, specializing in the production of industrial goods and providing services for industrial production, established according to conditions, order and procedures.

Industrial parks include many different types, including: Export processing zones, supporting industrial parks, ecological industrial parks (hereinafter referred to as Industrial Parks, except where there are separate regulations for each type).

Export processing zones are industrial zones specializing in the production of export goods, providing services for the production of export goods and export activities, established according to the conditions, order and procedures applicable to industrial zones.

Export processing zones are separated from outside areas according to regulations applicable to duty-free zones stipulated in the law on export tax and import tax;

Supporting industrial zones are industrial zones specializing in the production of supporting industrial products and providing services for the production of supporting industrial products. The land area ratio for investment projects in supporting industrial sectors to lease or sublease must be at least 60% of the industrial land area that can be leased in the industrial zone;

An eco-industrial park is an industrial park in which enterprises in the industrial park participate in cleaner production activities and use resources efficiently, and have linkages and cooperation in production to carry out industrial symbiosis activities to improve the economic, environmental and social efficiency of enterprises. [25]

According to the author, an industrial park is an area where large enterprises specializing in the production of industrial goods and industrial production services are concentrated, with a defined geographical boundary, no residents and established by the Government. An industrial park is established to promote socio-economic development at different stages of development with specific characteristics of its establishment objectives.

1.1.2. Environment

According to Wikipedia, the environment is a combination of natural and social factors surrounding the outside of a system or an individual or object. They affect this system and determine its trends and state of existence. The environment can be considered a set, of which the system under consideration is a subset. [25]

According to the Law on Environmental Protection No. 55/2014/QH13 of 2014, Section 1, Article 3:

“The environment is a system of natural and artificial material factors that affect the existence and development of humans and organisms.” [15]

Human living environment is divided into types according to function: Natural environment includes natural factors such as physics, chemistry,

Biology exists beyond human control, but is also more or less affected by humans. It is sunlight, mountains, rivers, oceans, air, animals, plants, soil, water...

The social environment is the totality of relationships between people. The social environment directs human activities within a certain framework, creating a collective strength that is favorable for development, making human life different from other creatures.

In addition, people also distinguish the concept of artificial environment, including all factors created by humans.

Environment in a broad sense is all natural and social factors necessary for human life and production, such as natural resources, air, land, water, light, landscape, social relations...

Environment in the narrow sense does not consider natural resources, but only includes natural and social factors directly related to the quality of human life.

In short, the environment is everything around us, giving us the basis for living and developing. It includes the following basic functions:

- The environment is the living space of humans and living creatures.

- The environment is the place that provides necessary resources for human life and production activities.

- The environment is a place that contains waste created by humans in their own lives and production activities.

- The environment is a place that reduces the harmful effects of nature on humans and creatures on earth.

- The environment is a place to store and provide information for people.

1.1.3. Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution is a phenomenon in which the natural environment is polluted, and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the environment are changed, causing harm to human health and other organisms. Environmental pollution is mainly caused by human activities. In addition, pollution is also caused by a number of other natural activities that affect the environment.

Environmental pollution is the change of environmental components that is not in accordance with environmental technical regulations and environmental standards, causing adverse effects on humans and living organisms (Clause 8, Article 3 of the Law on Environmental Protection 2014). [16]

Changes in environmental components can originate from many causes, the main cause of which is pollutants. Pollutants are defined by scientists as substances or physical factors that, when present in the environment, cause environmental pollution. Usually, pollutants are waste, however, they can also appear in the form of raw materials, finished products, scrap, waste products... and are classified into the following types:

Cumulative pollutants (plastics, radioactive waste) and non-cumulative pollutants (noise);

Pollutants at the local (noise), regional (acid rain) and global (CFCs) levels;

Pollutants from identifiable sources (waste from production and business establishments) and pollutants from unidentified sources (chemicals used in agriculture);

Pollutants due to continuous emissions (Waste from production and business establishments) and pollutants due to intermittent emissions (oil spills due to oil spill accidents).

Environmental pollution changes the quality and quantity of environmental components, causing negative effects on human life and nature.

1.1.4. State management of environment

From different research perspectives, many domestic and foreign scholars have given different explanations about management. Up to now, there is still no unified definition of management. Some definitions of management are as follows:

According to Henri Fayol's management theory: "Management is an activity that every organization has, it consists of 5 elements: planning, organizing, directing, adjusting and controlling. Management is the implementation of that plan, organization, directing, adjusting and controlling" [24]

Management is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency. Management includes the activities of setting an organization's strategy and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or volunteers) to accomplish its goals through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The term “management” can also refer to the people who manage an organization.

State management is a form of social management with state power, using state power to regulate social relations and human activities to maintain and develop social relations and legal order to perform the functions and tasks of the state. In which, management

Social psychology is the implementation of organizational functions to create the necessary conditions to achieve the goals set forth in the process of common human activities in society.

Therefore, State management is the work of the State, carried out by all State agencies, sometimes directly by the people through voting or by social organizations, social agencies if the State assigns the right to perform State functions. State management is essentially State management, carried out by the State through the State apparatus on the basis of State power to carry out the tasks and functions of the Government, which is a system of agencies established to specialize in carrying out State management activities.

State management is the organized and legal impact of the State on the national economy to make the most effective use of domestic and foreign economic resources and possible opportunities to achieve the country's economic development goals set out in the conditions of international integration and expansion.

In a broad sense, State management is carried out through all three types of State agencies: Legislative, Judicial, Executive.

In a narrow sense, state management is understood as state management activities, carried out by executive agencies.

According to Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Duc Hoe, state management of the environment is a monitoring activity of the environmental resources sector to minimize harmful impacts on the environment caused by development activities, ensuring ecological balance for development and environmental protection.

“Environmental management is the continuous, organized and targeted impact of the environmental management subject on individuals or communities conducting development activities in the environmental system and environmental management objects, making the best use of all potentials and opportunities to achieve the proposed environmental management goals, in accordance with current laws and practices”. [19]

The object of environmental management is to manage a system including natural and artificial material elements that are closely related to each other, surrounding people and affecting the life, production, existence, and development of people and nature. The essence of environmental management is to manage development activities that regularly take place in the environmental system and have positive or negative impacts on its stable state. However, development activities are not carried out by themselves but are all carried out by people. Therefore, environmental management is to manage the behaviors of individuals and groups of people in production and living activities, and to regulate interests in a harmonious manner based on the principle of prioritizing the interests of the nation and the whole society.

Environmental management is an activity in the field of social management, which has an impact on regulating human activities based on a systematic approach and information coordination skills, on environmental issues related to humans; starting from a quantitative perspective, aiming at sustainable development and rational use of resources. Therefore, environmental management is the continuous, organized and targeted impact of the environmental management subject on individuals or communities of people conducting development activities in the environmental system and the environmental management object, making the best use of all potential opportunities to achieve the proposed environmental management goals, in accordance with current laws and practices.

State management of the environment focuses on the tasks of directing and organizing environmental protection; distributing common benefits; organizing the exploitation and optimal use of national natural resources and the environment; directing and organizing the entire population to protect the environment and coordinating international actions in the field of environmental protection.

State management of the environment is the management and protection of natural resources and the environment, international coordination in regional and global environmental protection. From a micro perspective, state management of the environment is the direction, inspection, and urging of environmental agencies at ministerial, sectoral, and local levels, production and business establishments to implement the Law on Environmental Protection and the laws on resource management, and related legal documents.

State management of industrial parks is the organized and legal impact of the State on industrial parks to ensure that industrial parks are developed according to regulations, proactively coordinating the specific goals of each enterprise to achieve economic - social - environmental goals.

State management of industrial park environment is a combination of measures; law, policy, economy, society, to protect the quality of living environment and develop industrial parks in a sustainable manner.

1.2. Environmental management for Industrial Parks

1.2.1. State management of industrial park environment

1.2.1.1. Functions of state management of industrial park environment

Environmental management has many different forms such as: state environmental management; environmental management by non-governmental organizations; community-based environmental management; voluntary environmental management... In which, state environmental management plays a decisive role. The use of natural resources can cause waste or easily lead to disputes because the amount of natural resources is limited and many types of resources are very scarce, so the State needs to organize and manage activities related to natural resources and the environment. In addition, environmental protection requires not only unity within the national scope but also unity within the regional or global scope, so the State needs to be the focal point in coordinating environmental action programs. Along with that, the state needs to adjust and manage externalities or must undertake the production and supply of public goods, which means it must also adjust and manage public goods to ensure the correct value of the product, avoiding cases where public products do not reflect their true social value. At the same time, the state is the owner of natural resources and the environment, so the management of natural resources and the environment is the responsibility of the state. Therefore, the issue of state management of the environment is clearly defined as the state, through its duties, tasks and powers, to propose appropriate measures, laws, economic, technical and social policies to protect the quality of the living environment and sustainable development.

national socio-economic stability

State management of the environment has five main functions.

- Law on environmental protection policies and strategies. This is the most important function of the five functions;

- Organize and form specialized groups and elements that make up the environmental system to orient the set goals;

- Control and coordinate activities between groups and molecules in the environmental system;

- Check and promptly detect errors in the operation process and sudden opportunities in the environmental system;

- Adjust and correct errors arising during the development process, take advantage of opportunities to promote and ensure the normal development of the operating environment system.

The State manages the environment of Industrial Parks to:

Clearly identify the subject as the state, with its responsibilities, tasks and powers, to propose appropriate measures, laws, economic, technical and social policies to protect the quality of the living environment and develop sustainable socio-economic development in localities. Overcome and prevent environmental degradation and pollution from production activities in industrial parks.

Industry, a part of the economy, is the field of production of material goods in which products are "manufactured, processed, crafted, prepared" for consumer needs or to serve the next business activities for human life in daily life. This is an economic activity, large-scale production, strongly supported by advances in technology, science and engineering. However, Industry is the industry that affects the environment the most among all other industries. The impact of industrial development on the environment and environmental protection measures. Along with that is a huge amount of waste from industrial activities that causes serious consequences for the environment. The consequences are unusual natural phenomena such as acid rain, greenhouse effect due to ozone layer breakdown... appearing more and more commonly, threatening living things on earth. Currently in our country, industrial waste has exceeded the warning level and caused consequences of water, soil and air pollution in many affected areas.

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