Educational Management and Educational Management Functions

Chapter 1‌‌‌

THEORETICAL BASIS OF MANAGEMENT OF TEACHING LITERATURE INTEGRATED WITH LIFESTYLE EDUCATION

ELEGANT AND CIVILIZED AT MIDDLE SCHOOL

1.1. Overview of research problem

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1.1.1. Overseas research

Humanity has gone through many different stages of development, marking the difference between one era and another. There are many factors, but one of the indispensable factors is the difference in management forms. The new management form replaces the old, outdated management form, meeting the development needs of the constantly developing social productive forces. It is the new management form that paves the way for further development of productive forces, with greater productivity and efficiency.

Education and training (E&T) is an important field in social life. Especially in today's era - the era of knowledge economy, the role of education in the development of each country and each nation requires appropriate management, in accordance with the development of education and training that society requires. There have been many research works on education management (E&T) in and outside the country.

Along with general research projects on education management in general, research projects on schools and school management have practical significance in educating the young generation to become useful citizens for society. In school management, the management of the teaching process is a major component of the entire system of education and training management. Researchers on Soviet education management in the past believed that the performance of the entire school depends largely on the proper and reasonable organization of the activities of the teaching staff.

1.1.2. Domestic research

The ancient Vietnamese people attached great importance to education. At the end of the 20th century, educational management was truly considered a science. Entering the 21st century, in the context of international integration, education and educational management are considered extremely important factors contributing to the development of the country. Research works on education management and educational management are increasingly rich and diverse. Typical works are: Pham Minh Hac "Some issues on educational management in educational science"; Nguyen Ngoc Quang "Basic concepts of educational management theory";

educational theory”; Dang Xuan Hai “Change management applied to educational and school management”;…

Research on the issue of managing teaching activities of Literature subject currently has some typical Master's theses such as: Thesis of author Do Van Tuan on "Measures to manage teaching and learning of Literature subject at Tran Nguyen Han high school - Hai Phong city"; Hoang Thi Kim Hoat with "Measures to manage teaching and learning activities of Literature subject at Dinh Lap high school, Lang Son province".

In addition, integration is one of the modern teaching trends that is being studied and applied in the educational programs of many countries in the world and in Vietnam in recent years. Researching on this issue, many scientists have researched specifically and systematically, typically: The topic of author Tran Ba ​​Hoanh "Integrated teaching"; author Nguyen Van Duong "Integration in teaching Literature at secondary school level"; author Cao Thi Thang "Applying the integration perspective in developing the Vietnamese educational program after 2015"

Through that, we can see that research on DHTH management has become a concern of many educators. However, there has not been any specific research on the issue of research on measures to manage teaching activities of Literature integrated with TLVM lifestyle education in secondary schools. Therefore, the author raises the issue of researching methods to manage teaching activities of Literature integrated with TLVM lifestyle education in Van Ha secondary school, Dong Anh, Hanoi. From there, propose measures to manage teaching activities of Literature integrated with TLVM lifestyle education to improve the quality of education of the school.

1.2. Some basic concepts of management

1.2.1. Management

Management is one of the most basic human activities in many areas: individuals, corporations, countries or groups of countries. Management activities (QL) appear when humans form group activities. Through labor, to maintain life, it requires coordination of activities between individuals. QL activities are an inevitable phenomenon that develops with the development of human society in order to unite to create collective strength, unify to carry out a common goal. From ancient times, the Middle Ages to modern times, through thousands of years of development history, QL activities have developed and become a management science.

C.Mac wrote: “ All direct social labor or collective labor carried out on a relatively large scale, more or less, requires a direction to direct individual activities and to perform general functions arising from the movement of the whole body, as opposed to the movement of organs independent of it. A solo violinist controls himself, but an orchestra needs a conductor .” [10, p. 180]

C. Marx stated that the nature of management is labor activity to control the labor process, an inevitable human activity.

Author FWTaylor - the first person to study the labor process in each of its parts, proposed a labor organization system to maximize labor time, unified use of tools and means of labor to increase labor productivity - said that the core of management is: " Every type of work, even the smallest, must be specialized and tightly managed ", " Management is the art of knowing clearly and precisely what needs to be done and how to do it in the best and cheapest way".

" 24, p. 1  H. Koontz affirmed: " Management is an essential activity

Essentially, it ensures the coordination of individual efforts towards the achievement of group (organizational) goals. The goal of management is to create an environment in which people can accomplish group goals with the least amount of time, money, material and personal dissatisfaction”. [ 18, p. 327]

In Vietnam, many authors have also proposed concepts of management.

According to authors Nguyen Quoc Chi and Nguyen Thi My Loc, management is: " The process of achieving organizational goals by applying activities (functions) of planning, organizing, directing (coordinating and controlling" . [11, p. 9]

Author Nguyen Ngoc Quang believes: " Management is a purposeful and planned activity of the management subject to the collective of workers in general, the management object, to achieve the expected goals ." [32, p. 25]

In management, there are two closely related parts, which are the management subject and the management object. The management subject can be an individual or a group of people who have the function of managing or controlling the organization, making the organization operate and achieve its goals. The management object includes those who perform tasks in the organization, are influenced and directed by the management subject to achieve common goals.

Thus, it can be said that management is a broad concept, including many areas of social life, and is understood from different angles and perspectives. But regardless of the area or perspective, in our opinion, management is also a systematic, oriented impact, carried out consciously and organized by the management subject on the management object, by outlining the organization's goals, and at the same time finding measures and ways to impact the organization to achieve the set goals. But the impact of management must somehow make the managed person always enthusiastic, excited to use all his capacity and intelligence to create benefits for himself, for the organization and for the whole society.

1.2.2. Educational management and educational management functions

1.2.2.1. Educational management

Education is a special social phenomenon, its nature is the transmission and acquisition of historical and social experiences of human generations, from previous generations to the next generation, the next generation absorbs those social experiences and in addition creates new experiences to enrich and enrich, supplement the treasure of human knowledge, promote the continuous development of human society. Thus, education is the process of purposeful, organized, planned, content-based and scientific impact of educators on the educated, aiming to form and develop their personalities.

Educational management is a major developed on the basis of general management science, just like the concept of management, the concept of educational management also has many different approaches. Here we only mention the concept of educational management within the scope of managing an educational system in general, which is the core of the educational management system.

In the book “Theoretical basis of educational management”, MIKôndakov wrote: “Without requiring a complete definition, we do not understand school management (school work) as a specialized social-pedagogical system. This system requires conscious, scientific and subject-oriented impacts on the management based on all aspects of school life to ensure optimal socio-economic and pedagogical organization of the teaching and education process of the next generation.

growing up.”  23, p. 94 

According to author Bush T. (in the work Theories of Education Management, PCP, London, 1995): "Educational management, in general, is the organized and targeted impact of the educational management subject on the educational management object in the way of using resources as effectively as possible to achieve the set goals".

In Vietnam, QLGD is also a field of interest to many researchers.

According to authors Bui Minh Hien, Vu Ngoc Hai, Dang Quoc Bao: " State management of education is the impact of management subjects with state power (state management agencies of education), mainly by law on management objects to achieve the set goals ". [20, pp. 114-115]

According to Dang Xuan Hai and Nguyen Sy Thu: State management of education is: "The organized and regulated impact by state power on educational and training activities carried out by state agencies responsible for educational management from the central to grassroots levels to perform functions and tasks according to state regulations to develop the education and training career, maintain discipline, satisfy the people's needs for education and training, and realize the state's educational and training goals" [19, p. 6]

According to author Nguyen Ngoc Quang: "Educational management is a system of purposeful, planned, and lawful impacts of the management subject to make the system operate according to the Party's educational guidelines and principles, to realize the characteristics of Vietnamese socialist schools, whose focal point is the process of teaching and educating the young generation, bringing the educational system to the expected goal, to a new state of quality" [32, p. 31]

Although the above concepts of educational management have different expressions, in general they can be understood as the organized and oriented impact in accordance with objective laws of the management subject at all levels on the management object to bring the educational activities of each facility and the entire educational system to reach the goal.

In short, educational management is the activity of managing and coordinating educational forces to promote education and training of the young generation according to the requirements of social development. The school is the final and most basic object of educational management, in which the team of teachers and students are the most important management objects but at the same time are the direct subjects of managing the educational process.

1.2.2.2. Educational management function.

Management functions are the form of expression of the management subject's intentional impact on the management object and subject, and are a set of different tasks that the management subject must perform in the management process. Through management functions, people determine the basic workload and the order of performing the tasks of the management process. In every management process, the manager must perform a series of logically and mandatory successive functions, starting from determining the management goals and tasks to checking the achieved results.

Through theoretical and practical research of management work in general, we can understand that the management function is a basic content of the management process, an indispensable work of the management subject. Regarding the number of management functions, most authors mention four main functions: Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, in which information is both a means and a condition for implementing the management function.

- Planning function : Is to plan the work to be done proactively and scientifically. Planning is the first and most important function of leadership, drafting and approving the most important management decisions. Planning includes building goals, action programs, determining each step, conditions, and necessary means in a certain period of time of the management system and being managed in the school. This is considered the guiding function that makes the organization develop according to the plan. In management, this is the legal basis that regulates the actions of the entire organization.

- Organizational function : Is a management activity aimed at establishing a system of positions for each individual and department so that individuals and departments can coordinate with each other in the best way to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The manager must form an organizational apparatus which is a structure of departments (depending on the nature of the work, it is possible to assign and assign tasks to individuals), specify the functions and tasks of each department, and the relationships between them. Thanks to the organization, discipline, order, scientific working style, and solidarity in the organization are ensured; the capacity and strengths of each person and each department are promoted.

- Direction function: Is the making of management decisions to first maintain coordination between departments and activities to make the entire system operate smoothly; then monitor the activities and operating states of the system, thereby adjusting, modifying, and shaping the necessary related agents, ensuring proper operation, maintaining and upholding the goals of the entire system. The nature of the direction function is ultimately the impact on people, awakening human potential in the management system, implementing good relationships between people and people and in the process resolving those relationships so that they voluntarily, consciously and enthusiastically strive in their work.

- Inspection function: Inspection plays an important role in the management process, it is a basic need to complete management decisions. It can be said that "without inspection there is no management". The inspection function aims to evaluate the implementation of the set goals, it is important to note that when inspecting, it must follow the standards. The standards must come from the goals, it is a mandatory requirement for all members of the organization. At the same time, promptly detect errors or deviations in the system operation process to propose timely and appropriate handling measures.

Finally, all of the above functions require information . Complete, timely, updated, and accurate information is the basis for managers to operate their apparatus.

Organization

Check

Planning

Management information

Management functions are intertwined, combined, supported and promoted to achieve the goals of the management process. The position of functions in a management process can be described as follows:

Direct

Diagram 1.1. Management functions

1.2.3. School management

1.2.3.1. School

Schools in the national education system are established according to the State's planning and plans to develop education and training. Schools are a part of the social system, where the education and training process is carried out, commonly called "educational institutions". There are many different concepts of schools:

According to MI Kondacov: " School is a special institution of society, a place that performs the functions of creating social experiences for a group of people mobilized into this creation in an optimal way according to social concepts, performs the function of creating resources for social requirements, and trains future citizens " [25].

According to the textbook "Education" volume 1: " School is a state institution.

- Society has a specialized function in transferring social experience to the young generation of a country” [ 28].

“School is a specialized organization in the social organization system that performs the function of regenerating human resources to serve the maintenance and development of society.” [ 4, p. 3]