Distance Traveled During a Futsal Player's Match

and similar characteristics of Futsal players. The biggest difference is height, mass and arm length [52]. Modern Futsal requires high development of all physical qualities, because Futsal athletes must constantly move, change running pace and change direction continuously throughout the match. According to Futsal football experts, Futsal athletes move in a Futsal match usually from 4 - 5 km, creating an average blood lactate accumulation of about 5.3 mmol.L [49], including alternating forms of running such as: short-distance speed running, medium-speed running, slow running, walking. In which, short-distance speed running and sudden changes of direction are the majority.

Table 1.3: Distance traveled in a match by Futsal players

Publication documents	National Athlete	Distance (m)
1	Barbero-Alvarez et al (2008) [49]	Spain	4313 ± 2139
2	Castagna et al (2009) [59]	Spain	4313 ± 121
3	Dogramaci et al (2011) [79]	Australia	4277 ± 1030
4	Makaje et al (2012) [115]	Thailand	5087 ± 1004
5	De Oliveira Bueno et al (2014)[80]	Brazil	3133.2 ± 2248.5
6	Vieira et al (2016) [181]	Brazil	3119 ± 1455

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Thus, it can be seen that the physical strength of Futsal athletes needs to be comprehensive to improve the overall performance of the body. Good physical strength will create the premise for the implementation of techniques and tactics, at the same time promote the learning and mastery of techniques and tactics, enhance the endurance of athletes in training and competition, prevent injuries, improve performance and prolong the time to maintain the performance of athletes. Therefore, to ensure high performance capacity in 40 minutes of football in the game (about 80 minutes of normal competition), Futsal athletes need good anaerobic endurance.

Futsal is a direct combat sport with reasonable collision movements using force, pushing and pushing according to the rules that often occur, so in competition, athletes need strength to gain an advantage. In addition, athletes must perform technical movements under high-intensity conditions, constantly changing direction and being subject to physical collision, so athletes need good balance and flexibility.

1.4.2 Scientific basis for building annual training plans: [16]

Futsal training is a pedagogical process, aiming to improve the professional level of athletes. To organize training scientifically, so that athletes can develop and maintain a state of athletic fitness, it is necessary to know how to effectively control training by optimizing the training structure. Under certain conditions, building an annual training plan for a team according to the training cycle, has a decisive meaning in improving performance. The law of organizing training and competition according to the cycle, is shown in the relatively complete rotation of training stages, training sessions and technical, tactical and physical exercises of certain cycles. In those cycles, each successive cycle of the same type is not a simple repetition of the previous cycle, but must show a development trend at a higher level in terms of technique, tactics and training LVĐ. The closed cycle is the most important link in the rational organization of the training process, and at the same time is the decisive premise for implementing the system principle. Because it determines the sequence of training sessions, the order of LVĐ changes and all other aspects of the training organization system.

The natural basis for dividing training periods within a large cycle is the three-phase nature of the development of athletic fitness. A large training cycle consists of three periods: preparation, competition and transition. Each period has different goals, tasks and content, as well as different training characteristics. The division of time between each period within a large cycle depends on the professional level of the athletes, technical conditions, facilities, weather characteristics and competition schedule.

From a professional perspective, the competition period cannot be longer than the time during which the athlete can maintain a state of athletic fitness.

In principle, the preparation period cannot be shorter than the time required for the athlete to maintain a state of athletic fitness. Therefore, the preparation period for the championship season cannot be longer than 2 months (the optimal time ensures a smaller distribution of specific training phases of this period). The preparation period consists of 3 phases: pre-competition preparation and each phase cannot be shorter than one month. The transition period is the time required for the athlete's body to fully recover. Duration

Its duration depends on the total amount of exercise exerted on the athlete's body previously and for our players it cannot be more than 1 month in the cycle of the season.

1.4.3 Training physical qualities for Futsal athletes: [26]

1.4.3.1 Strength training

Strength training is the training of the ability to overcome the resistance of the body or of the muscles in the body when working. Strength development is the foundation for the development of other qualities. During the Futsal competition, due to the speed and intensity, athletes not only have to continuously overcome their body weight and complete a series of technical movements under the influence of inertia such as running, jumping, stopping suddenly, starting suddenly, turning, colliding... but also have to complete accurately in a high-speed and confrontational environment the movements of kicking the ball, stopping the ball, heading, dribbling, shooting the ball... This places high demands on athletes not only to equip themselves with a good general strength foundation, but also to be good in both speed strength and endurance. Therefore, strength qualities have become one of the important criteria in assessing the level of physical training for Futsal athletes. Strength qualities Futsal athletes should develop based on the foundation of whole-body strength, focusing on developing strength in the back and lower limbs. The main muscles that athletes need to exert force include: rectus abdominis, external obliques, lumbar-iliac muscles, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, triceps, toe flexors...

1.4.3.2 Speed training

Speed is the ability of the body to move quickly. Speed is divided into reaction speed, movement speed and movement speed. With the high speed in the confrontation between attack and defense in modern Futsal competition today, the increasingly high requirements for the speed of athletes when completing tactical movements, attack and defense techniques in relatively urgent time and space situations are indispensable, thereby enhancing the threat and feasibility in defense of individuals and the whole team, gaining the advantage and winning the competition. Fast movement speed, especially athletes with a good foundation of reaction speed and movement speed, is considered a characteristic speed quality required of Futsal athletes.

1.4.3.3 Endurance training

Endurance is the ability of the body's muscles to maintain work for a long period of time or can be briefly called the ability to resist fatigue. Endurance is divided into two forms: aerobic endurance and anaerobic endurance. Aerobic endurance is a method of activity maintained for a long period of time but with low intensity; anaerobic endurance is a method of activity with high intensity but relatively short time. The characteristics of Futsal competition are long time, large playing field, diverse and rich changes between forms of movement - techniques and tactics, so if you have good endurance, it is the basis to ensure that athletes can maintain and complete attack - defense methods in a high-speed confrontation environment. In Futsal, the total distance an athlete can travel in 40 minutes on the field can be up to about 4000m, and at the same time, he must complete many technical movements and high-intensity runs in a dramatic and intense competitive environment. This requires Futsal athletes to be equipped with a good foundation of aerobic and anaerobic endurance qualities. Aerobic endurance is the most basic endurance quality of Futsal athletes. Along with the increase in rhythm in attack and defense in each modern Futsal match, the time and number of high-intensity runs and jumps are increasing, the energy supply ratio of the anaerobic decomposition system is gradually increasing. Therefore, the role of anaerobic endurance in competition is becoming more and more prominent, so anaerobic endurance is an important endurance quality of Futsal athletes.

1.4.3.4 Flexible training

Flexibility is the ability of a player's body to complete technical movements quickly, accurately and harmoniously under unpredictable changing conditions, and is a synthesis of physical qualities. With the fast, complex and diverse competition conditions of Futsal, in addition, athletes need to accurately judge the situation on the field and complete all kinds of technical movements in coordination with tactics quickly and decisively, so the increasingly high requirements for flexibility for Futsal athletes are indispensable. In the dramatic and high-speed confrontation environment of Futsal competition, it is necessary to base on the opponent's situation to make quick technical and tactical movements to respond to the myriad of changes on the field. Therefore, the flexibility required of Futsal athletes is the ability to act quickly and harmoniously under all situations.

constantly changing in competition. It is mainly expressed through the harmony between the ability to quickly improvise and the movements.

1.4.3.5 Training flexibility

Flexibility is the ability to stretch muscles, ligaments, tendons and the range of motion of the body's joints. Flexibility plays an important role in mastering and improving technical movements, especially for techniques with large amplitudes and high difficulty; as well as developing other qualities in addition to preventing sports injuries. The flexibility of Futsal athletes is usually shown in terms of the range of motion of the main joints in the body, mainly the range of motion of some joints that Futsal requires such as the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It is an indispensable condition for mastering and improving the technical level of Futsal. Therefore, special attention should be paid to and increased exercises to stretch the lower limbs and the ligaments of the hip, knee, and ankle joints.

1.4.4 Recovery

After a stressful exercise, two following processes will take place in the athlete's body:

+ Recovery process: Is the process of re-establishing the ability of all functional systems after stressful activities to return to normal.

+ Adaptation process:

 The morphological reorganization of these functional systems.

 For any exercise to be effective it is essential that both training and recovery are aligned and that training is aligned with energy mechanics.

 As workload increases, adaptation and recovery time also increases.

Rapid recovery: Allows the athlete to participate voluntarily and fully in various important activities after training. Allows the athlete to have the ability to tolerate the exercise, especially the frequency of training, and the athlete can make faster progress in high-volume training. New tasks should not be introduced before the most important functional systems (energy, muscle, nervous, circulatory, respiratory) involved in the task have recovered. The new task should be at least equal in volume to the previous task.

If recovery time is not sufficient: Fatigue increases, work is interrupted and development is hindered. Performance levels may even decrease and the athlete becomes more susceptible to injury. The time required for the body to recover sets limits to how much progress can be made in training.

Purpose of recovery:

+ Promote athlete recovery as quickly as possible.

+ Eliminates the causes of body fatigue.

+ Regenerate temporarily damaged functional abilities.

To accelerate recovery, exertion must target body systems that require more time to recover. This varies with intensity, duration, and intensity of the exercise. Biochemical studies have shown that the rate of recovery of many substances (glycogen, protein, nitrogen) in muscle varies with intensity and other characteristics of the exercise.

The time it takes for different systems to recover varies as does the time it takes for different biochemicals to be replenished. For example, replenishing glycogen stores is faster than replenishing protein deficits. Connective tissues (gland, membranes) and supporting tissues (ligaments, bone) typically take longer to recover than the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems.

Furthermore, recovery occurs as a natural consequence of performance improvement, the absorption of the LVAD gained through training. High-level athletes need to focus on recovery of the muscles in general and the muscles in specific regions. Different activities determine which muscle groups are fatigued, which energy systems need to be trained, and to what extent the nervous system is stressed. Based on these differences, different recovery methods should be applied. [16]

1.5 Relevant domestic and foreign research works

1.5.1. Domestic:

In Vietnam, research projects on scientific supervision in football are still very limited. Many researchers have applied scientific supervision methods and tools to study some sports: Dang Ha Viet, Nguyen Hong Son, Nguyen Dang Chieu, Bui Trong Toai. But in the field of professional Futsal, there are still no results of scientific research projects.

The research results of author Bui Trong Toai (2007) [22] have selected a test system to evaluate strength and specialized physical fitness for volleyball athletes with a strong correlation coefficient between the tests. The research has built a system of strength exercises for volleyball athletes including 38 main exercises, classified into groups. After 1 year, it shows that the experimental program is suitable and has a clear development in strength and specialized physical fitness for high-level female volleyball athletes.

The research results of Dang Ha Viet (2008) [29] on national male basketball athletes evaluated the current status of professional endurance and some influencing factors (morphology, function and physical strength) on professional endurance in training and international competition of national male basketball team athletes; Determined some basic functional indicators for developing professional endurance; Determined physiological endurance when applying full-court defensive pressure tactics and quick counterattacks in competition with foreign teams; Determined the system of exercises and training programs for professional endurance for national male basketball team athletes. The results showed that the professional endurance performance of national male basketball team athletes was significantly improved after 6 weeks of training and achieved better values than previous training cycles. All physical qualities were improved, showing that the professional endurance training program did not negatively affect other training programs. The best physical performance shows the athlete's state of fitness before an important tournament.

The results of the study on physical training assessment for football athletes by author Nguyen Hong Son (2016) [16] have resulted in the selection of a number of indicators and tests to conduct assessment of training cycles and training goals. The study has identified groups according to assessment criteria: Physiological assessment function group with LVĐ including: Ejection fraction and sinus rhythm (electrocardiogram), heart function; Blood cell function group including: blood test and urine analysis; Body composition assessment group, psychology - neurology and physical fitness. The assessment results have helped the SLNA football team coaching staff evaluate the training plan, assess the effectiveness of the physical training program as well as assess the physical fitness of athletes through the established standards for each group of indicators.

According to Nguyen Dang Chieu (2004) [6] Research on physiological LVĐ of soccer athletes aged 15-16 and 17-18 during the basic preparation period, determined the current situation

Morphology and body functions of male soccer athletes aged 15-16 and 17-18; Assess changes in function, physiology, hematological and urinary biochemistry under the impact of exercises and training sessions with different LVDs in the basic preparation period and determine some typical indicators such as pulse, Hemoglobin (Hb), Testosterone, Lactic Acid, Urea, Proteinuria, and Creatinine as indicators to evaluate LVDs of exercises and training sessions of male soccer athletes aged 15-16 and 17-18; Assess the effects of LVDs on changes in function, physiology, hematological and urinary biochemistry of male soccer athletes aged 15-16 and 17-18.

1.5.2 Foreign countries .

Noguera et al. (2017) [133] conducted a training monitoring of professional Brazilian Futsal athletes with the aim of comparing the responses of enzymatic, hormonal and psychological markers of two different training cycles during the season. Blood tests were performed to analyze CK and testosterone and cortisol values, and the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale and the Recovery and Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ) were applied. The findings showed that training weeks promoted the development of TQR, RESTQ and enzymatic markers, improving the anabolic/catabolic balance of Futsal athletes, regardless of the level of training load. The distinction between stress and recovery showed a higher sensitivity for analyzing responses originating from short-term Futsal exercise.

Miloski et al. (2012) [122] studied the training LV distribution of a Brazilian professional Futsal team and determined its effects on physical performance, muscle damage and hormonal status. The study used the s-RPE scale to monitor training LV; physical fitness tests; blood tests, CK, testosterone and cortisol with results showing higher LV in the pre-season than in the season (p < 0.001). The training program demonstrated higher LV in periods with low match rates, emphasizing endurance and strength training in the pre-season, speed and power during the season. This LV organization provided sufficient stimulus for appropriate physical development in professional Futsal athletes, without causing negative disturbances.

Milanez et al. (2011) [121] determined the effect of VO2max on the internal training LV of Brazilian professional Futsal athletes, measured by evaluating the training session using the s-RPE method showing on the maximum oxygen consumption.

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